“…In the wild Barramundi, most of the metals (such as Cd, Pb and Cr) might have been deposited from the anthropogenic sources through sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, and industrial wastes. Some non-essential elements (i.e., Pb) were higher in wild fishes, possibly due to their longer life span resulting in longer exposure, and lower essential elements could be because they were not exposed to commercial feed [ 76 ].…”
Globally, both natural water bodies and aquaculture systems are being severely contaminated by heavy metals due to rising anthropogenic activities. Fish living in aquatic environments can easily accumulate metals in their bodies, which can then be transferred to consumers and put them at risk. In this study, metal concentrations (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Mn, Cu, Zn) in different organs (gill, liver, and muscle) of farmed and wild Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fish from the northern Bay of Bengal were evaluated to quantify and compare contamination levels and related human health risk. Heavy metal concentrations were higher in liver tissues of farmed Barramundi than in wild Barramundi, with the following relative mean values in the liver, gills, and muscle: Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cd > Cr > As; Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cd > As; Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As; Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As; and Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As, respectively. The differences in heavy metal accumulation observed between farmed and wild fish were probably related to the differences in their environmental conditions and dietary element concentrations. However, ANOVA indicated that the variation of metals in wild and Barramundi was not statically significant. Pb concentrations in the liver tissue of farmed Barramundi exceeded the national and international threshold limits, whereas concentrations of other metals were within the limit. Among the examined organs in both fish species (wild and farmed), muscle had the lowest concentration compared to others, and liver was the target organ for Pb, Cu, and Cd accumulations. Metals such as Zn and Mn exhibited higher concentration in the gills. However, all the studied heavy metals were below the maximum permissible limits of national and international standards, but the mean concentrations of Pb and Cd values in the liver of farmed Barramundi exceeded all international and national guidelines. Based on the contamination factors (CF) and pollution indices (PLI and MPI), the degree of contamination in the fish organs was as follows: gills > liver > muscle. The major accumulation tissues for both farmed and wild fish were found to be the gills (MPI = 0.970) and the liver (MPI = 0.692). Based on the estimated daily intake (EDI), the fish samples examined in this study are safe for human consumption as within the recommended daily allowance (RDA) range established by various authorities. According to the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) calculations, though the Barramundi fishes depicted no potential hazard to humans, farmed fish posed a higher health risk than wild fish.
“…In the wild Barramundi, most of the metals (such as Cd, Pb and Cr) might have been deposited from the anthropogenic sources through sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, and industrial wastes. Some non-essential elements (i.e., Pb) were higher in wild fishes, possibly due to their longer life span resulting in longer exposure, and lower essential elements could be because they were not exposed to commercial feed [ 76 ].…”
Globally, both natural water bodies and aquaculture systems are being severely contaminated by heavy metals due to rising anthropogenic activities. Fish living in aquatic environments can easily accumulate metals in their bodies, which can then be transferred to consumers and put them at risk. In this study, metal concentrations (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Mn, Cu, Zn) in different organs (gill, liver, and muscle) of farmed and wild Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fish from the northern Bay of Bengal were evaluated to quantify and compare contamination levels and related human health risk. Heavy metal concentrations were higher in liver tissues of farmed Barramundi than in wild Barramundi, with the following relative mean values in the liver, gills, and muscle: Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cd > Cr > As; Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cd > As; Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As; Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As; and Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As, respectively. The differences in heavy metal accumulation observed between farmed and wild fish were probably related to the differences in their environmental conditions and dietary element concentrations. However, ANOVA indicated that the variation of metals in wild and Barramundi was not statically significant. Pb concentrations in the liver tissue of farmed Barramundi exceeded the national and international threshold limits, whereas concentrations of other metals were within the limit. Among the examined organs in both fish species (wild and farmed), muscle had the lowest concentration compared to others, and liver was the target organ for Pb, Cu, and Cd accumulations. Metals such as Zn and Mn exhibited higher concentration in the gills. However, all the studied heavy metals were below the maximum permissible limits of national and international standards, but the mean concentrations of Pb and Cd values in the liver of farmed Barramundi exceeded all international and national guidelines. Based on the contamination factors (CF) and pollution indices (PLI and MPI), the degree of contamination in the fish organs was as follows: gills > liver > muscle. The major accumulation tissues for both farmed and wild fish were found to be the gills (MPI = 0.970) and the liver (MPI = 0.692). Based on the estimated daily intake (EDI), the fish samples examined in this study are safe for human consumption as within the recommended daily allowance (RDA) range established by various authorities. According to the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) calculations, though the Barramundi fishes depicted no potential hazard to humans, farmed fish posed a higher health risk than wild fish.
“…The non-essential heavy metals such as As, Cd, and Pb were much higher than the levels recommended by USEPA (2010) and FAO (2016), which may be caused by the increase in human activities in the lake or fish farms. On the other hand, Yildiz, (2008), Fallah et al (2011), Kim et al (2018), andSimukoko et al (2022) reported that a diet that contains animal protein ingredients has a much higher level of heavy metals, especially of the essential heavy metals such as Zn, Fe, and Cu. Non-essential heavy metal levels (As, Cd, and Pb) in cultivated Nile Tilapia were much lower than in lake fish, maybe due to the fact that lake fish live for several years while cultivated fish are caught within 6 months (Oumar et al, 2018).…”
Section: Assay Of Heavy Meals In Water and Fish Tissuesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These findings agree with Chatta et al (2016), who reported that the farmed Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita accumulated less Cd and Pb than the lake ones. Lake fish also had higher levels of nonessential heavy metals due to a longer lifetime and exposure, but they also had reduced levels of essential metals because they were not fed a commercial diet (Simukoko et al, 2022).…”
Section: Assay Of Heavy Meals In Water and Fish Tissuesmentioning
Despite wide studies of biomonitoring aquatic environment through dynamics of host–parasite interaction, bio-indicators to track the influence and accumulation of heavy metals on fish are still few. The present study sheds light on the relation between fish parasites and heavy metals as it threatens fish’s health and, as a consequence, that of humans after fish consumption. Samples of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected in Burullus Lake, a wild fish source, and from a private fish farm in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, in Egypt. They were exposed to various pollutants associated with anthropogenic activities to determine the levels of accumulation of Fe, Zn, and Cu, along with the top three most toxic metals (As, Cd, and Pb) in water and fish tissues of gills, intestine, liver, and muscles in both wild and farmed O. niloticus. The results showed the order of abundance: Fe < Zn < Pb < Cu < As < Cd. In waters of both farmed and wild fish, there was a significant negative relation between parasite prevalence and heavy metals, including Zn, Pb, and As. Also, there was a significant positive relation between parasite prevalence with Cu while no significant relation was found with Fe and Cd. Heavy metal content was significantly higher (p > 0.05) in non-infected than infected farmed and wild O. niloticus. In addition, a significantly decreased concentration (p > 0.05) of essential heavy metal was recorded in wild fish compared to farmed specimens, while non-essential heavy metal was significantly higher (p > 0.05) in wild compared to farmed fish. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) of different organs of O. niloticus were ranked in ascending order: Liver > Gills > Intestine > Muscles. In general, the risk assessment showed safe human consumption of farmed and wild fish under the reported environmental conditions in this study. Moreover, the parasite's presence can be adopted as a surrogate indicator to estimate the potential impact of heavy metal pollution and accumulation.
“…This distribution shows that Co and As do not tend to stabilize in the sediment when there is a possibility to move due to the effect of water dynamics. PC1 also shows the great impact of fish farming activity in the lagoons, especially for As [27] , [52] and could generate considerable levels of contamination and risk. Fig.…”
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