Assessment of Human Exposure to Magnetic Fields Produced by Domestic Appliances

Preece, AW; Kaune, William T.; Grainger, Percy Aldridge; Golding, J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032659

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This finding is consistent with the conclusion of Preece et al (1999 ) that questionnaires have little or no value for time -weighted average MF exposure estimation. The amount of time subjects were exposed to over-threshold MF was also poorly correlated with questionnaire -based exposure estimates.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Household appliance use and residential exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields

Mezei

Kheifets

Nelson

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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We characterized the distribution of exposure to magnetic fields ( MFs ) during daily activities and during household appliance use, and estimated the relative contribution of various activities and appliances to total daily exposure. One hundred sixty -two subjects provided information on their patterns of appliance use and wore personal monitors for 24 h to collect MF exposure data. Of total exposure, 27% accumulated while subjects were in bed; 41% while at home but not in bed; 9% at work; and 24% elsewhere. Less than 2% of the total MF exposure accumulated during the use of each of the eight individual appliances considered, except computers, during the use of which 9% of the total exposure accumulated. Of the time subjects spent at exposure levels higher than 2 T, 8% accumulated while they were using microwave ovens, and 4% and 3% while using computers and electric stoves, respectively. Mean MF measurements tended to be lowest when subjects were in bed and highest at work and during the use of microwave ovens, coffee grinders, hair dryers, and electric shavers. Results from questionnaires on household appliance use in the past year were not useful in predicting the total mean exposure level and over -threshold exposures measured by 24 -h personal monitors. Significant MF exposure accumulates at home, at work, and elsewhere; therefore, accurate exposure assessment needs to consider residential, occupational, and other sources together. Questionnaire -based information on appliance use has limited value in the assessment of average and over -threshold exposure to MFs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Household appliance use and residential exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields

Mezei

Kheifets

Nelson

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Noise levels have been monitored in 80 homes. The temperature of the nursery was recorded over a 12‐month period by 2000 parents, and a detailed study of 50 homes measured the dose of magnetic radiation associated with the different electrical appliances involved 15 –17 …”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ALSPAC–The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

Golding

Jones

2001

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

1,286

1,063

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ALSPAC (The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, formerly the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood) was specifically designed to determine ways in which the individual's genotype combines with environmental pressures to influence health and development. To date, there are comprehensive data on approximately 10,000 children and their parents, from early pregnancy until the children are aged between 8 and 9. The study aims to continue to collect detailed data on the children as they go through puberty noting, in particular, changes in anthropometry, attitudes and behaviour, fitness and other cardiovascular risk factors, bone mineralisation, allergic symptoms and mental health. The study started early during pregnancy and collected very detailed data from the mother and her partner before the child was born. This not only provided accurate data on concurrent features, especially medication, symptoms, diet and lifestyle, attitudes and behaviour, social and environmental features, but was unbiased by parental knowledge of any problems that the child might develop. From the time of the child's birth many different aspects of the child's environment have been monitored and a wide range of phenotypic data collected. By virtue of being based in one geographic area, linkage to medical and educational records is relatively simple, and hands-on assessments of children and parents using local facilities has the advantage of high quality control. The comprehensiveness of the ALSPAC approach with a total population sample unselected by disease status, and the availability of parental genotypes, provides an adequate sample for statistical analysis and for avoiding spurious results. The study has an open policy in regard to collaboration within strict confidentiality rules.

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“…The levels of ELF‐MF were found to vary among the HHFs, although no evidence regarding the cause of these differences was collected. Several papers have reported the ELF‐MF levels emitted from household appliances [Preece et al, ; Preece et al, , ; Kaune et al, ]. For example, Kaune et al [] reported the various levels of ELF‐MF produced by hand‐held hair dryers, stereo headsets, sewing machines, and motorized clocks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Levels of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Emitted From Portable Hand‐Held Fans

Choi

Kim

Bae

et al. 2019

Bioelectromagnetics

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This study aims to assess the levels of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) emitted from portable hand-held fans (HHFs) and their principal frequency and to identify factors influencing these levels. We collected a total of eleven models of HHF and monitored the ELF-MF as a function of fan speed and distance from the fan. EMDEX II was used to monitor the ELF-MF. An SMP2 EMF-meter equipped with a P400 field probe was used to determine the levels of ELF-MF and the frequency spectrum. Ten of the fans, excluding only one bladeless-fan model, emitted a high level of ELF-MF near the source of the HHF direct-current motor. The maximum measured level of ELF-MF ranged from 14.07 to 218.7 µT. All measurements of the ELF-MF taken within 10 cm from the HHFs showed values higher than 1.0 µT. ELF-MF levels were found to decrease markedly with distance, regardless of the HHF product. The level of ELF-MF rose noticeably with increased fan speed. The speed of and distance from the HHF significantly influenced the level of ELF-MF. All principal frequencies ranged from 1 to 300 Hz, which falls in the typical range of ELF. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:569-577.

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Assessment of Human Exposure to Magnetic Fields Produced by Domestic Appliances

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Household appliance use and residential exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields

Household appliance use and residential exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields

ALSPAC–The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

Characterization of Levels of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Emitted From Portable Hand‐Held Fans

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