Assessment of Hydrogen Energy Industry Chain Based on Hydrogen Production Methods, Storage, and Utilization

Ziobrowski, Zenon; Rotkegel, Adam

doi:10.3390/en17081808

Energies

2024

DOI: 10.3390/en17081808

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Assessment of Hydrogen Energy Industry Chain Based on Hydrogen Production Methods, Storage, and Utilization

Zenon Ziobrowski,

Adam Rotkegel

Abstract: To reach climate neutrality by 2050, a goal that the European Union set itself, it is necessary to change and modify the whole EU’s energy system through deep decarbonization and reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions. The study presents a current insight into the global energy-transition pathway based on the hydrogen energy industry chain. The paper provides a critical analysis of the role of clean hydrogen based on renewable energy sources (green hydrogen) and fossil-fuels-based hydrogen (blue hydrogen) in th… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

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Facile Immersing Synthesis of Pt Single Atoms Supported on Sulfide for Bifunctional toward Seawater Electrolysis

Shen,

Yang,

et al. 2024

Catalysts

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Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production represents a substantial opportunity to curtail production expenditures and exhibits considerable potential for various industrial applications. Platinum-based precious metals exhibit excellent activity for water electrolysis. However, their limited reserves and high costs impede their widespread use on a large scale. Single-atom catalysts, characterized by low loading and high utilization efficiency, represent a viable alternative, and the development of simple synthesis methods can facilitate their practical application. In this work, we report the facile synthesis of a single-atom Pt-loaded NiCoFeSx (Pt@NiCoFeSx) bifunctional catalytic electrode using a simple impregnation method on a nickel foam substrate. The resulting electrode exhibits low overpotentials for both HER (60 mV@10 mA cm−2) and OER (201 mV@10 mA cm−2) in alkaline seawater electrolytes. When incorporated into a seawater electrolyzer, this electrode achieves a direct current energy consumption of only 4.18 kWh/Nm3H2 over a 100 h test period with negligible decay. These findings demonstrate the potential of our approach for industrial-scale seawater electrolysis.

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Facile Immersing Synthesis of Pt Single Atoms Supported on Sulfide for Bifunctional toward Seawater Electrolysis

Shen,

Yang,

et al. 2024

Catalysts

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Decarbonization in Shipping—The Hopes and Doubts on the Way to Hydrogen Use

Herdzik,

Lesnau

2024

Energies

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This article presents the initial processes of changing ship fuels aimed at reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. A significant reduction in GHG emissions is only possible by using carbon-free fuels. The process of reducing CO2 emissions was forced by legal regulations introduced in recent years by the International Maritime Organization and the Parliament of the European Union. The year 2050 was set as the target year for achieving the intended goals, but intermediate goals should be achieved already in 2030 and 2040. This article attempts to analyze the ongoing changes in the fuel market in maritime transport on the way to achieving the threshold of climate neutrality with this form of transport. A number of hopes related to this were indicated but also so were obstacles that may slow down this process. In 2023, there was an increased interest among shipowners in adapting ship engines to burn more ecological ship fuels. However, it is far from our expectations. Meeting the gradually increasing emission limits through imposed regulations was possible in the years 2020–2023 by using dual-fuel engines in which gaseous fuels, mainly LNG and LPG, were used for long periods of operation. The next step is the use of biofuels or synthetic fuels, which, however, will not meet the requirements after 2030. Interest is moving towards the use of ammonia and, ultimately, after 2040, hydrogen. The aim of this article is to analyze the ongoing processes and assess the directions of changes that justify the sense of the actions taken.

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Experimental Investigation and Chemical Kinetics Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Inhibition on Hydrogen-Enriched Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Explosions

Bai,

Cheng,

Dong

2024

Energies

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The utilization of hydrogen-enriched liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an effective means of reducing carbon emissions, but the special physical and chemical properties of hydrogen have raised concerns among the public. To delve into the intricate chemical kinetic mechanisms governing the inhibitory effect of CO2 on the explosion of hydrogen-enriched LPG, this study systematically investigated the influence of varying CO2 concentrations (3%, 6%, and 9%) on the explosion characteristics of hydrogen-enriched LPG (hydrogen ratio ranging from 0 to 0.5) within a 20 L spherical explosion chamber. Subsequently, a chemical kinetic analysis was conducted, focusing on the explosion reaction dynamics of the H2/LPG/CO2/Air mixture, encompassing temperature sensitivity assessments and the production rates of key free radicals. The findings reveal that although hydrogen incorporation does not significantly alter the maximum explosion pressure of LPG, it markedly accelerates the explosion reaction rate, posing a challenge for CO2 in effectively inhibiting the explosion of hydrogen-enriched LPG. CO2 functions as a stabilizing third body within the reaction system, diminishing the collision frequency among free radicals, hydrogen molecules, hydrocarbon molecules, and oxygen molecules, thereby slowing down the reaction rate. As the proportion of hydrogen increases, the concentration of ·H radicals, known for their high reactivity, escalates, rapidly completing the propagation phase of the chain reaction and intensifying the overall generation rates of critical free radicals, including ·H, ·O, and ·OH. Notably, the key reaction H+O2⇋O+OH, which governs the reaction temperature, undergoes significant enhancement, further accelerating the explosion reaction rate and ultimately diminishing the inhibitory efficacy of CO2 against the hydrogenated LPG explosion. Furthermore, as the amount of hydrogen added increases, hydrogen’s competitiveness for oxygen within the reaction system markedly improves, attenuating the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Concurrently, the alkane recombination reaction, exemplified by C3H6+CH3(+M)⇋sC4H9(+M), is strengthened. These insights provide valuable understanding of the complex interactions and mechanisms during the explosion of hydrogen-enriched LPG in the presence of CO2, with implications for the safe application of hydrogen-enriched LPG.

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Assessment of Hydrogen Energy Industry Chain Based on Hydrogen Production Methods, Storage, and Utilization

Cited by 3 publications

References 64 publications

Facile Immersing Synthesis of Pt Single Atoms Supported on Sulfide for Bifunctional toward Seawater Electrolysis

Facile Immersing Synthesis of Pt Single Atoms Supported on Sulfide for Bifunctional toward Seawater Electrolysis

Decarbonization in Shipping—The Hopes and Doubts on the Way to Hydrogen Use

Experimental Investigation and Chemical Kinetics Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Inhibition on Hydrogen-Enriched Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Explosions

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