Assessment of immune responses to hepatitis A vaccination in children aged 1 and 2 years

Abstract

Th e eff ects of inoculum concentrations and the aggressiveness of spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker) isolates were evaluated on the resistance of 123 winter wheat advanced breeding lines developed from European winter wheat as well as on 3 control cultivars, BR8, BH1146, and Zentos. Th e test was conducted under laboratory conditions using a detached leaf technique. A total of 3 inoculum concentrations were used: 0.5 × 10 3 , 1 × 10 3 , and 5 × 10 3 spores mL -1 . Th e results of the study revealed low resistance of the tested material when accessions were compared by the percentage of disease severity (DS), but considerably higher variability of resistance was determined when the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was used for comparison. Th e correlations between DS and AUDPC across inoculum concentrations varied from medium to high (r = 0.559*-0.909**; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) for isolates with higher aggressiveness, whereas it was high (r = 0.785**-0.939**) for those with lower aggressiveness. Th e correlations between DS and AUDPC across isolates were high (r = 0.769**-0.939**) for lower inoculum concentrations of 0.5 × 10 3 and 1 × 10 3 , whereas they varied from medium to high (r = 0.559*-0.785**) for the highest spore concentration, 5 × 10 3 . All of the concentrations can be successfully used for the evaluation of resistance considering DS development and the subsequent diff erentiation of accessions. However, the lower inoculum concentrations provided a higher diff erentiation of the accessions tested. Cultivar BR8, described in the literature as being resistant, exhibited the highest resistance among the accessions tested for AUDPC and DS, with results of 77.5 and 30.5%, respectively. Cultivar BH1146, referred to in the literature as having medium resistance, was evaluated by DS at 44.2% and by AUDPC at 146.4. About 23% of the accessions tested possessed the same resistance level as BH1146, or higher. Cultivars Dream, Aspirant, and Biscay were the most common among the ancestry of the most resistant lines. Th is suggests that it may be possible to select modern European winter wheat cultivars with suffi cient spot blotch resistance when large numbers of accessions are screened.

Clinical experience with the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, Avaxim 80U Pediatric

“…The overall rate of local and systemic events after the first injection of the HAV vaccine was reported by Celebi et al to be 6.6-9.8% among participants who started their schedule at age 1 or 2 years. No local or systemic events were reported after the second injection in those who started vaccination at age 1 year, but were reported at a similar rate as after the first injection in those who started vaccination at age 2 years [42]. Yoon et al also reported pain as the most common adverse event in adolescents aged 13 to 19 years (32% received the pediatric HAV vaccine dose) post-dose 1 (22%; 11/51) and post-dose 2 (18%; 9/50) [49].…”

“…The literature search identified 11 [39,40,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] reports for inclusion in this review ( Figure S1). Although one article by Fisenka et al should have been excluded from this review because it assessed the use of three hepatitis A vaccines (i.e.…”

“…Table S3 summarizes the information collated from identified reports that forms the basis of the narrative systematic review. Of these, 10 reports included immunogenicity [39,40,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] and four also reported safety data [42,45,48,49]. Overall, seven reports were from children in the indicated age group (12 months to 15 years) [39,40,42,43,[46][47][48], two were from infants aged <1 year [44,45] and one was from older children and adolescents aged 13-19 years [49].…”

“…From the literature review, we identified four studies that reported safety data [42,45,48,49]. No serious adverse events related to the pediatric HAV vaccine occurred during any of these studies.…”

“…Of studies that enrolled the indicated age group (12 months to 15 years), only two reported immunogenicity in the short term after two doses of the pediatric HAV vaccine, 6 months apart [42,48], but these used different anti-HAV antibody assays, making comparability of data difficult. Studies that assessed interchangeability of pediatric HAV vaccines, or concomitant administration with other childhood vaccines are summarized below.…”