Assessment of Inactivated Influenza-a Vaccine After Three Outbreaks of Influenza a at Christ's Hospital

Hoskins, T. W.; Davies, Joan R.; Smith, Alyson; Miller, C.; Allchin, A.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90468-9

Cited by 301 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The boosting described above explains the frequent presence of high antibody levels against the A/Swine/15/30 virus and the related A/NJ/76 virus in people now aged 53 years or more (Masurel, 1976 Hoskins et al (1979) in a study in which reimmunization with a later strain did not afford protection against infection with the epidemic influenza A virus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Antibody response to immunization with influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1) virus in young individuals primed or unprimed for A/New Jersey/76 (H1N1) virus

Masurel

Ophof

Jong³

1981

J. Hyg.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Antibody response to immunization with influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1) virus in young individuals primed or unprimed for A/New Jersey/76 (H1N1) virus

Masurel

Ophof

Jong³

1981

J. Hyg.

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“…Influenza virus infection in this population has been studied extensively for many years and various aspects of the epidemiology and outcome of infection with different serotypes have been published (5)(6)(7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pupils were accommodated in 12 houses, 6 for senior boys aged 15 years and over, and 6 for junior boys aged 11-15 years. All pupils who are ill report to the school infirmary.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent outbreaks of influenza and parvovirus B19 in a boys' boarding school

Grilli

Anderson²,

Hoskins³

1989

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYIn the spring term of 1985 there was a protracted outbreak of upper respiratory tract febrile illness consistent with a clinical diagnosis of influenza in a boys' boarding school, which lasted from 23 January to 29 March. Although influenza virus infection was confirmed in 89 % of cases in the first half of the term, 53 % of the cases which occurred in the second half of the term had no evidence of infection with influenza virus. Between 5 February and 31 March 28 boys presented with skin rashes consistent with a clinical diagnosis of erythema infectiosum; 68 % of these were associated with parvovirus B19. Investigation of the cases of clinical influenza with no identified respiratory pathogen revealed a 58% infection rate with B19. B19 DNA was identified in either throat swabs or acute stage bloods of nine pupils with influenza-like symptoms.Cohort studies revealed that 44% of pupils aged 15-16 years were immune before the outbreak compared with only 17 % of pupils aged 11-12 years. Infection in the younger group was common and was associated with influenzalike illnesses as well as rashes. Forty-eight per cent of those who did not report any symptoms were also infected with B19.

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“…In order to gain some insight into the Christ's Hospital experience (Hoskins et al 1979), this study was set up to mimic the events but using ferrets. The viruses used were the same and in the same sequence that caused epidemics in man between 1968 and 1979, and ferrets have been shown to be a good model of human influenza virus infection (Potter & Oxford, 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This policy has been questioned as a result of data from a long-term study carried out at Christ's Hospital school, England. In three influenza epidemics occurring in 1972, 1974 and 1976 protection against infection was only apparent in boys immunized for the first time with a vaccine homologous to the epidemic strain; later immunization with vaccines of the same serotype did not increase immunity; the total influenza experience was not diminished by immunization; and infection induced a more solid immunity than immunization (Smith & Davies, 1977;Hoskins et al 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sequential infection or immunization of ferrets with a series of influenza A (H3N2) strains (Report to the Medical Research Council's Sub-Committee on Influenza Vaccines (CDVIP/IV))

et al. 1987

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SUMMARYPrevious studies of boys at Christ's Hospital school have indicated that annual immunization with influenza virus vaccines did not significantly reduce the total incidence of influenza infection compared to unimmunized subjects. In view of the implications of this result, a similar study was conducted in ferrets to clarify these findings. Groups of ferrets were immunized or infected with a series of influenza A (H3N2) viruses over an 18-month period, and the immunity to subsequent live virus challenge was measured after each virus or vaccine exposure. The results indicated that live virus infection gave a more solid immunity than immunization with inactivated vaccine; and the serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response was greater following immunization than following infection. In addition, differences in immunity could not be explained by measurements of cross-reacting and specific antibody, since the incidence of these antibodies was similar in both infected and immunized animals. The results do not suggest an explanation for the different levels of immunity induced following infection or immunization or the results obtained from the Christ's Hospital study. However, the relative contribution of various immune responses to virus or virus antigen is discussed, and it is suggested that the difference in immunity may lie in the ability of live virus infection to stimulate local antibody.

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Assessment of Inactivated Influenza-a Vaccine After Three Outbreaks of Influenza a at Christ's Hospital

Cited by 301 publications

References 3 publications

Antibody response to immunization with influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1) virus in young individuals primed or unprimed for A/New Jersey/76 (H1N1) virus

Antibody response to immunization with influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1) virus in young individuals primed or unprimed for A/New Jersey/76 (H1N1) virus

Concurrent outbreaks of influenza and parvovirus B19 in a boys' boarding school

Sequential infection or immunization of ferrets with a series of influenza A (H3N2) strains (Report to the Medical Research Council's Sub-Committee on Influenza Vaccines (CDVIP/IV))

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