Assessment of inflammatory cytokines in exhaled breath condensate and exposure to mixtures of organic pollutants in brick workers

Berumen-Rodríguez, Alejandra Abigail; Alcántara-Quintana, Luz Eugenia; Pérez‐Vázquez, Francisco Javier; Zamora-Mendoza, Blanca Nohemí; León-Martínez, Lorena Díaz de; Barriga, Fernando J.A.S.; Flores-Ramírez, Rogelio

doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23071-z

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Raza et al (2014) reported mean PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations of 412 µg/m 3 and 1193 µg/m 3 , respectively, for various sections of brick kilns in the Gujrat district, Pakistan [8]. Berumen-Rodríquez et al (2023) found PM 2.5 concentrations ranged from 42-3542 µg/m 3 (mean = 276 µg/m 3 ) at brick kilns in the San Lois Potosí municipality in Mexico [9]. Recent studies also show the potential for high exposures to PM 2.5 in brick worker housing well above the World Health Organization's (WHO) air quality guideline (AQG) of 15.0 µg/m 3 for a 24 hr period [10,12,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the brick manufacturing process in the Kathmandu Valley occurs outdoors where workers are exposed to high levels of ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) that originates from fugitive dust, vehicle exhaust, burning of biomass, trash and coal, and regional pollutant transport (Figure 1) [4][5][6][7]. Studies also provide evidence that there may be a potentially significant occupational component to brick workers' daily PM 2.5 exposures [8,9]. However, these studies are based on stationary sampling methods that may not accurately reflect workers' true exposures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Personal Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution among Brick Workers in Nepal

Johnston,

Collingwood,

LeCheminant

et al. 2023

Atmosphere

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Prior studies suggest brick workers in Nepal may be chronically exposed to hazardous levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from ambient, occupational, and household sources. However, findings from these studies were based on stationary monitoring data, and thus may not reflect a worker’s individual exposures. In this study, we used RTI International’s MicroPEMs to collect 24 h PM2.5 personal breathing zone (PBZ) samples among brick workers (n = 48) to estimate daily exposures from ambient, occupational, and household air pollution sources. Participants were sampled from five job categories at one kiln. The geometric mean (GM) PM2.5 exposure across all participants was 116 µg/m3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.03, 143.42). Job category was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with PBZ PM2.5 concentrations. There were significant pairwise differences in geometric mean (GM) PBZ PM2.5 concentrations among workers in administration (GM: 47.92, 95% CI: 29.81, 77.03 µg/m3) vs. firemen (GM: 163.46, 95 CI: 108.36, 246.58 µg/m3, p = 0.003), administration vs. green brick hand molder (GM: 163.35, 95% CI: 122.15, 218.46 µg/m3, p < 0.001), administration vs. top loader (GM: 158.94, 95% CI: 102.42, 246.66 µg/m3, p = 0.005), firemen vs. green brick machine molder (GM: 73.18, 95% CI: 51.54, 103.90 µg/m3, p = 0.03), and green brick hand molder vs. green brick machine molder (p = 0.008). Temporal exposure trends suggested workers had chronic exposure to hazardous levels of PM2.5 with little to no recovery period during non-working hours. Multi-faceted interventions should focus on the control of ambient and household air pollution and tailored job-specific exposure controls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution among Brick Workers in Nepal

Johnston,

Collingwood,

LeCheminant

et al. 2023

Atmosphere

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“…Fifty-eight (56%) reported data on brick kiln pollution, 6,8,15,16, 25 (24%) on health, 5, and 21 (20%) on both pollution and health. 7,9,[94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] We mapped countries where brick kiln research was conducted in Figure 2. Most were in South Asia (Online Supplement).…”

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nicolaou,

Sylvies,

Veloso

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundBrick kiln emissions adversely affect air quality and the health of workers and individuals living near the kilns; however, evidence of the impacts of brick kiln pollution remains limited.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of brick kiln pollution (emissions, source contributions and personal exposures) and its effects on health. We extracted articles from electronic databases and through manual citation searching. We estimated pooled, sample-size-weighted means and standard deviations for personal exposures by job type; computed mean emission factors and pollutant concentrations by brick kiln design; and meta-analyzed differences in means or proportions for health outcomes between brick kiln workers (BKWs) and controls or for participants living near or far away from kilns.ResultsOur search yielded 1015 articles; 208 (20%) were assessed for eligibility and 101 (10%) were included in our review. We identified three additional studies through manual searching. Of 104 studies, 74 (71%) were conducted in South Asia. The most evaluated pollutants were particulate matter (PM; n=48), sulfur dioxide (SO2; n=24) and carbon monoxide (CO; n=22), and the most evaluated health outcomes were respiratory health (n=34) and musculoskeletal disorders (n=9). PM and CO emissions were higher among traditional than improved brick kilns. Mean respirable silica exposures were only measured in 4 (4%) studies and were as high as 620 μg/m3, exceeding the NIOSH recommended exposure limit by a factor of over 12. BKWs had consistently worse lung function, more respiratory symptoms, more musculoskeletal complaints, and more inflammation when compared to unexposed participants across studies; however, most studies had a small sample size and did not fully describe methods used for sampling or data collection.DiscussionOn average, BKWs had worse health outcomes when compared to unexposed controls but study quality supporting the evidence was low. Few studies reported silica concentrations or personal exposures, but the few that did suggest that exposures are high. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between brick kiln pollution and health among workers, and to evaluate exposure mitigation strategies.

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“…Coal particles are chemically complex and can trigger the activation of macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts; the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and the expression of cytokines (Gulumian et al 2006). Proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in the lung inflammatory response and oxidative stress in individuals exposed to occupational pollutants (Berumen-Rodríguez et al 2022; Díaz de Zhou et al 2014). In some populations, exposure to compounds derived from coal mining begins before birth and continues throughout their life cycle (Barn et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in a population chronically exposed to coal mining residues

León-Mejía

Rueda

Pérez

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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During coal mining activities, many compounds are released into the environment that can negatively impact human health. Particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, and oxides are part of the complex mixture that can affect nearby populations. Therefore, we designed this study to evaluate the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in individuals chronically exposed to coal residues from peripheral blood lymphocytes and buccal cells. We recruited 150 individuals who lived more than 20 years in La Loma-Colombia and 120 control individuals from the city of Barranquilla without a history of exposure to coal mining. In the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay, significant differences in the frequency of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB), nuclear bud (NBUD), and apoptotic cells (APOP) were observed between the two groups. In the buccal micronucleus cytome (BM-Cyt) assay, a significant formation of NBUD, karyorrhexis (KRX), karyolysis (KRL), condensed chromatin (CC), and binucleated (BN) cells was observed in the exposed group. Considering the characteristics of the study group, a significant correlation for CBMN-Cyt was found between NBUD and vitamin consumption, between MN or APOP and meat consumption, and between MN and age. Moreover, a significant correlation for BM-Cyt was found between KRL and vitamin consumption or age, and BN versus alcohol consumption. Using Raman spectroscopy, a significant increase in the concentration of DNA/RNA bases, creatinine, polysaccharides, and fatty acids was detected in the urine of individuals exposed to coal mining compared to the control group. These results contribute to the discussion on the effects of coal mining on nearby populations and the development of diseases due to chronic exposure to these residues.

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Assessment of inflammatory cytokines in exhaled breath condensate and exposure to mixtures of organic pollutants in brick workers

Cited by 6 publications

References 60 publications

Personal Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution among Brick Workers in Nepal

Personal Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution among Brick Workers in Nepal

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Analysis of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in a population chronically exposed to coal mining residues

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