Assessment of insulated conductive cantilevers for biology and electrochemistry

Frederix, P. L. T. M.; Gullo, Maurizio R.; Akiyama, T.; Tonin, A.; Rooij, N. F. de; Staufer, U.; Engel, Andréas

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/16/8/001

Cited by 62 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…) or imaging at the nulling bias or using shielded probes 43 (where 0 0 → f ) is required. In the linear elastic approximation, the dynamic stiffening effect is less pronounced for the longitudinal signal; however, in this case, the onset of sliding friction can minimize the longitudinal effect.…”

Section: Iii2 Cantilever Dynamics In Pfmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic behaviour in piezoresponse force microscopy

Jesse

Baddorf

Kalinin³

2006

Nanotechnology

113

114

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Frequency dependent dynamic behavior in Piezoresponse Force M icroscopy (PFM ) implemented on a beam-deflection atomic force microscope (AFM ) is analyzed using a combination of modeling and experimental measurements. The PFM signal comprises contributions from local electrostatic forces acting on the tip, distributed forces acting on the cantilever, and three components of the electromechanical response vector. These interactions result in the bending and torsion of the cantilever, detected as vertical and lateral PFM signals.The relative magnitudes of these contributions depend on geometric parameters of the system, the stiffness and frictional forces of tip-surface junction, and operation frequencies. The dynamic signal formation mechanism in PFM is analyzed and conditions for optimal PFM imaging are formulated. The experimental approach for probing cantilever dynamics using frequency-bias spectroscopy and deconvolution of electromechanical and electrostatic contrast is implemented. * Corresponding author, sergei2@ornl.gov 2

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Section: Iii2 Cantilever Dynamics In Pfmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic behaviour in piezoresponse force microscopy

Jesse

Baddorf

Kalinin³

2006

Nanotechnology

113

114

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“…Such changes can be related, for example, to protein flexibility (Mü ller et al, 1998) or conformational alterations (Scheuring et al, 2002). E, a conducting AFM probe contours a membrane protein and simultaneously detects a channel current I (Frederix et al, 2005). 60 brane proteins changes in response to light (Scheuring and Sturgis, 2005).…”

Section: Observing Diffusion and Assembly Of Membrane Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertebrate Membrane Proteins: Structure, Function, and Insights from Biophysical Approaches

Müller

Palczewski³

2008

Pharmacol Rev

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“…Therefore it was essential, that these probes were first characterized by cyclic voltamograms and electrochemical feedback measurements and second, that the future, routinely performed biological experiments are also to be conducted at the correct potentials under potentiostatic control [5]. Thus, many important parameters and the quality of the tip could be assessed without performing an AFM measurement, which always risks damaging the tip.…”

Section: Nanotools For Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro- and nanosystems for biology and medicine

Staufer

Akiyama

Gullo

et al. 2007

Microelectronic Engineering

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The development of new tools and instruments for biomedical applications based on nano-(NEMS) or microelectromechanical systems technology (MEMS) are bridging the gap between the macro-and the nano-world. The well mastered microtechnique allows controlling many parameters of these instruments, which is essential for conducting reproducible and repeatable experiments in the life sciences. Examples are multifunctional scanning probe sensors for cell biology, an arthroscopic scanning force microscope for minimally invasive medical interventions and a nanopore sensor for single molecule experiments in biochemistry. This paper reviews some of the activities conducted in a fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration between physicists, engineers, biologists and physicians.Keywords: Microsystems; Nanosystems; Cell biology; AFM; Nanopore; Protein; Cartilage; Minimal invasive instrument Nanotools for biologyIn cell and structural biology the typical dimensions are spanning the length scales from a few nanometers up to centimeters. The objects of interest are very delicate and often mechanically soft, hence, investigating their functions calls for gentle and precise instruments. Very often several parameters should be simultaneously controlled in such experiments and a more or less complex system of tools is required. An appealing implementation of such systems is to employ micro-and nanofabrication techniques.Plain atomic force microscope [AFM] probes have proven to provide images of membrane proteins with subnanometer resolution in the past [1]. In order to study structural changes in voltage gated channel proteins at this level of resolution, we have developed a probe, which features a conductive tip [2]. The metal is insulated up to the apex (Fig. 1) such that Faradaic currents in buffer solutions are minimal. Different metals were tested, and PtSi proofed to be the best choice from a fabrication point of view [3]. The basic concept for fabricating such a probe followed that of standard molded silicon nitride tips. We employed anisotropic KOH etching of silicon (1 0 0)-wafers through a silicon nitride mask in order to form small pyramidal etch-pits. In one of these pits the tip will be formed. An array of them will be used as contact area. All pits were sharpened by a local low-temperature oxidation process, followed by a deposition of a thin layer of polycrystalline Si. The latter was lithographically patterned such that a thin line connection between the tip mold and the array of pits was formed. Platinum was evaporated on the full wafer and then annealed in order to form the silicide. Residual Pt was removed, and a second silicon nitride layer was deposited by means of low pressure chemical vapor deposition [LPCVD] in order to fully encapsulate the metal structure. The cantilevers were patterned by lithography and reactive ion etching [RIE], a pre-structured Pyrex-glass wafer was bonded to the nitride, and the silicon substrate was dissolved in KOH. The final step was a timed etching in buffered hydrofluoric ...

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Assessment of insulated conductive cantilevers for biology and electrochemistry

Cited by 62 publications

References 35 publications

Dynamic behaviour in piezoresponse force microscopy

Dynamic behaviour in piezoresponse force microscopy

Vertebrate Membrane Proteins: Structure, Function, and Insights from Biophysical Approaches

Micro- and nanosystems for biology and medicine

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