Assessment of intestinal permeability in
preruminant calves by lactulose/mannitol test

Klein, Pavel; Moravcová, Jitka; Kleinová, T.; Volek, Zdeněk; Skřivanová, Veronika

doi:10.22358/jafs/66725/2007

Cited by 12 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Serum lactulose:d-mannitol ratios found herein are within the range of those reported by Branco Pardal et al (1995) but greater than those reported by Klein et al (2007Klein et al ( , 2008. Intestinal integrity can be estimated by the serum lactulose:d-mannitol ratio, which is based on the assumption that a normal villus may take up many small but few large molecules.…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

“…The principle of the test is based on the as-sumption that the monosaccharide d-mannitol passes the intestinal epithelia through small pores on the apical surface of enterocytes (transcellularly), whereas the disaccharide lactulose passes the epithelia through the tight junctions located between the epithelial cells (paracellularly). However, differently from previous studies that measured intestinal permeability of calves by quantifying d-mannitol and lactulose in urine (Branco Pardal et al, 1995;Klein et al, 2007Klein et al, , 2008, in the present study both saccharides were quantified in serum. Even though extracting blood is an invasive technique, in farm animals it is more practical than collecting urine.…”

Section: Intestinal Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In the present study, intestinal permeability was assessed by the lactulose-mannitol test, which has been validated to assess small-intestine permeability in many species including calves (Hall, 1999;Klein et al, 2007). It is commonly assumed that lactulose reflects small-intestine permeability because it is rapidly metabolized by bacteria in the hindgut (Hall, 1999), and flux rates of mannitol have been shown to be greatest in the jejunum of calves (Penner et al, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves

Araújo

Yunta

Terré

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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Seventy-six newborn Holstein calves (44.4 ± 6.15 kg of body weight) were involved in this study from birth until 21 d of age. Within 2 h after birth, calves received 4 L of maternal colostrum via an esophageal tube. The following 3 meals consisted of 2 L of late colostrum (or transition milk). After that, calves were fed 1.5 L of milk replacer (22.9% CP, 20.1% fat) twice daily. Calves were considered diarrheic when they showed fecal scores ≥ 3 for 3 consecutive days. Then, data from a random subset of 30 calves (45.9 ± 5.47 kg of body weight), 15 that never had diarrhea and 15 that had diarrhea, were used to assess potential associations between intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea. On d 0, 7, 14, and 21 of life, intestinal permeability of calves was measured by dosing 2 markers (lactulose and d-mannitol) and assessing their concentration in serum by ultra-HPLC-mass spectrometry. Plasma IgG concentration was measured at birth and at 6 h, 24 h, and 12 d after first colostrum intake, and efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated. Plasma and colostrum IgG contents were determined by radial immunodiffusion and bacterial load in colostrum samples by colony counting. All diarrhea incidences occurred between 7 to 14 d of life. Overall colostrum quality was good, with an IgG content > 100mg/mL, but total bacterial load was slightly high (> 100,000 cfu/mL). However, there were no differences in these 2 parameters between colostrums consumed by calves that did and those that did not incur diarrhea later in life, and efficiency of IgG transfer from colostrum to bloodstream was similar for all calves. Diarrheic calves had greater serum lactulose concentrations than healthy calves throughout the first 21 d of life. Furthermore, diarrheic calves tended to have a greater serum lactulose-to-d-mannitol ratio from birth until 21 d of life compared with healthy calves. In conclusion, calves that incur diarrhea show an altered intestinal permeability within the first 2 h of life compared with those that do not suffer scours.

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supporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Intestinal Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 75%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves

Araújo

Yunta

Terré

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…The lactulose/D-mannitol intestinal permeability test was administered as described previously (Klein et al, 2007). Briefly, all animals received a solution of 5 g Dmannitol (Lachema, Czech Republic) and 10 g lactulose (Duphalac 1 , Solvay Pharmaceuticals, The Netherlands) in 100 mL of distilled water.…”

Section: Assessment Of the Intestinal Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on the absorptive capacity and paracellular permeability of the small intestine in neonatal calves

Klein

Kleinová

Volek

et al. 2008

Veterinary Parasitology

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Cryptosporidium parvum is recognized as one of the most important pathogens causing enteritis and severe diarrhoea in calves up to 1 month of age. Although the infection may be responsible for some mortality, its impact is mainly associated with the impairment of intestinal functions and lower performance of animals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cryptosporidiosis on the intestinal functions in neonatal experimentally infected Holstein calves. Absorption tests with d-xylose and retinyl-palmitate, and the lactulose/mannitol test of intestinal permeability were simultaneously performed in 1-week intervals from challenge to full recovery. In infected animals, reduced intestinal absorptive capacity for both D-xylose and retinyl-palmitate was observed on day 7 post-infection (p.i.). At the same time, a more than 100% elevation of intestinal permeability was observed in the infected calves. All intestinal functions, except absorption of retinyl-palmitate, were significantly affected and changes were detected up to day 14 p.i. In contrast, results of all tests obtained on day 21 p.i. suggest full recovery of the infected intestine. Significantly, growth of the calves which had recovered from cryptosporidiosis was still affected between days 14 and 21 p.i.

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“…Lactulose-d-mannitol and Cr-EDTA permeability tests have been validated to assess gut integrity in humans (Andre et al, 1987;Jalonen, 1991) and in other species, including dogs (Hall and Batt, 1991;Quigg et al, 1993), rats (Turner et al, 1988), and calves (Klein et al, 2007(Klein et al, , 2008Araujo et al, 2015;Wood et al, 2015). A permeability test is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that provides information on the integrity of the mucosa and on its protective barrier function and may help to predict responses of the intestines to many potentially harmful stimuli (e.g., physiological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional; Klein et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertonic milk replacers increase gastrointestinal permeability in healthy dairy calves

Wilms¹,

Berends²,

Martín-Tereso³

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Hypertonic milk replacers are commonly used in animal production systems and their effect on the gastrointestinal system of young animals is insufficiently studied. Total lactose inclusion or its partial replacement with dextrose increases intestinal osmotic pressure, which may compromise gastrointestinal barrier function. In this experiment, we investigated the effect of increased osmolality of calf milk replacer (CMR) on gastrointestinal permeability in 30 Holstein Friesian (n = 17) or crossbred (n = 13) bull calves. The osmolality of CMR increased as result of a gradual replacement of lactose by monosaccharides (dextrose and galactose). Calves were acquired from dairy farms that followed a standardized protocol for colostrum management, including 3 feedings of colostrum in the first 24 h. Calves were then transported to the research facility between 0 and 3 d of age, fed a milk replacer with 0% dextrose twice daily for the first 2 wk of age, and subsequently exposed to their respective treatments from 3 until 7 wk of age. Meal size was 3.2 L at 3 wk of age and increased to 3.5 L at 7 wk of age. No solids were provided throughout the study and calves had ad libitum access to water. Treatments included 4 levels of dextrose inclusion (replacing lactose): 0% (L1, n = 5), 13.3% (L2, n = 5), 26.7% (L3, n = 5), and 40% (L4, n = 5) and an additional treatment (G+D, n = 10) that included 20% galactose and 20% dextrose and matched the galactose supply of L1 and the osmolality of L4. Carbohydrates were exchanged based on hexose equivalents. Across treatments, the estimated osmolality ranged from 439 (L1) to 611 mOsm/kg (L4 and G+D). Gastrointestinal permeability was assessed by fractional urinary recovery of indigestible markers (lactulose, d-mannitol, and Cr-EDTA) delivered as a single dose at 3 and 7 wk of age. Marker recoveries were expressed as percentage of oral dose and assessed in 6-h and 24-h quantitative urinary collections. Increasing the osmolality of the CMR linearly increased urinary Cr-EDTA and lactulose recoveries at 3 and 7 wk of age. Lactulose and Cr-EDTA recoveries did not differ between G+D and L4, suggesting that the source of monosaccharide (dextrose and galactose) in CMR had no effect on gastrointestinal permeability. The observed increase in gastrointestinal permeability to large molecules (Cr-EDTA and lactulose) with increased osmolality suggests that hypertonic CMR may compromise gastrointestinal barrier function.

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Assessment of intestinal permeability in preruminant calves by lactulose/mannitol test

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves

Intestinal permeability and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves

Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on the absorptive capacity and paracellular permeability of the small intestine in neonatal calves

Hypertonic milk replacers increase gastrointestinal permeability in healthy dairy calves

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