Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality Using the Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) in the Hilla Main Canal, Iraq

Abstract

Water quality was assessed for the main Hilla canal and three distributary channels (HC 19 at 49+243 km, HC 20 at 52+123 km, and HC 2L at 44+056 km), located in the alraarinjia of Babil, for the Hilla-Kifil Irrigation Project. The Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) is used to assess the irrigation water quality of the Hilla Main Canal and three distributary channels. Water samples were collected monthly from February to May 2021 and analyzed for electrical conductivity, pH, sodium adsorption ratio, total hardness, magnesium, sodium, and calcium, and compare with specifications. Based on the current outcomes, it was found that all the elements fall within the specifications until some tests where they were outside the specification, as in (TH). Besides, the value of CWQI (94.73%) was between good and excellent, and this indicates that the water is appropriate for irrigation purposes in that area. The findings of the current studies, in comparison with previous studies on the one hand and the standard specifications on the other, proved the effectiveness of the indicator and the accuracy of its results. This means, The Hilla Main Canal and distributary channels generally have good irrigation water quality according to the CWQI, But the slight increase in total hardness requires monitoring and treatment.

Enhanced Water Quality Prediction in the Yellow River Basin: The Application of the HHO-LSTM Model

“…Historically, water quality prediction methodologies largely depended on statistical models, including the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), regression analysis, grey systems, and least squares support vector machines. These approaches are known for their strong interpretability and high computational efficiency, yet they demonstrate inherent limitations in processing complex non-linear and temporal relationships [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Additionally, the effectiveness of traditional methods is often diminished due to the geographical complexity and climatic variability characteristic of the Yellow River Basin [15].…”