Assessment of leaching potential of aldicarb and its metabolites using laboratory studies

Fava, Luca; Bottoni, Paola; Crobe, Angela; Caracciolo, Anna Barra; Funari, Enzo

doi:10.1002/ps.412

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…), which significantly influence the degradation rates. In any case the carbamates studied do not show a high persistence; since they are reported to be very mobile in soil Fava et al, 2001), it is very important that the environment contains a microbial community which has adapted to them (Moorman, 1990) and is capable of degrading them in a short time to avoid their transport to groundwater. The results of the bacterial counts reported above show not only that the studied compounds at the applied dose do not inhibit microbial FIGURE 1 Decline in the concentrations (mg=kg) of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide (and formation of aldicarb sulfone) in soil degradation experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are widely used in Italy (Sesia, 2000) but they are neverthless toxic and able to form metabolites retaining significant toxicological properties (Nelson et al, 1981;Foran et al, 1985;Baron and Merriam, 1988;Moye and Miles, 1988;Gupta, 1994;Canna-Michaelidou and Nicolau, 1996;Alvarez-Rodriguez et al, 1997). Moreover, carbamates show a high mobility in soil Fava et al, 2001) and have been detected in significant concentrations in groundwater (Williams et al, 1988;USEPA 1984;IHP, 1998;Walker and Porter, 1990;Jones and Estes, 1995;Funari et al, 1995). Since they have significant biological properties (Gupta, 1994), they can represent a human health hazard, especially if the water is used for drinking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial degradation of two carbamate insecticides and their main metabolites in soil

Caracciolo

Bottoni²,

Crobe³

et al. 2002

Chemistry and Ecology

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Degradation studies in soil of the insecticides aldicarb and carbofuran and their metabolites (aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone; 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran) were carried out using laboratory systems under controlled conditions (temperature, water content, light). The insecticides were added to soil samples and subsamples of the soil were analyzed at different times to assess both the bacterial abundance and the concentration of the different chemicals. The epifluorescence direct count method was applied to the subsamples to estimate microorganism numbers (N=g soil). Untreated samples of soil were used as controls for evaluating the effects of the application of the insecticides on microbial abundance. Subsamples treated with the pesticides were analyzed using HPLC and the DT 50 s of the different compounds studied were calculated.The DT 50 values show that neither the parent compounds nor the transformation products have a high persistence in soil and there is a general increase in the concentration of microorganisms as the pesticides diminish.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial degradation of two carbamate insecticides and their main metabolites in soil

Caracciolo

Bottoni²,

Crobe³

et al. 2002

Chemistry and Ecology

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“…The herbicide degradation experiment was conducted in duplicate according to SETAC guidelines9 and previous experiments 10, 11. A simazine stock solution (1.92 mg ml −1 ) was prepared by dissolving the standard compound (99% purity) in a minimum of acetone and then diluted in sterile water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simazine biodegradation in soil: analysis of bacterial community structure by in situ hybridization

Caracciolo

Grenni

Ciccoli³

et al. 2005

Pest Management Science

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Pesticide and nitrate contamination of soil and groundwater from agriculture is an environmental and public health concern worldwide. Simazine, 6-chloro-N2,N4-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, is a triazine herbicide used in agriculture for selective weed control with several types of crops and it is frequently applied to soils receiving N-fertilizers. Degradation experiments were performed in the laboratory to assess whether the biodegradation of simazine in soil may be influenced by the presence of urea. Simazine degradation rates under different experimental conditions (presence/absence of urea, microbiologically active/sterilized soil) were assessed together with the formation, degradation and transformation of its main metabolites in soil. Simazine degradation was affected by the presence of urea, in terms both of a smaller half-life (t(1/2)) and of a higher amount of desethyl-simazine formed. The soil bacterial community was also studied. Microbial abundances were determined by epifluorescence direct counting. Moreover in situ hybridization with rRNA-targeted fluorescent oligonucleotide probes was used to analyze the bacterial community structure. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect specific groups of bacteria such as the alpha,beta,gamma-subdivisions of Proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria with a high G + C DNA content, Planctomycetes, Betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria. The presence of the herbicide and/or urea affected the bacterial community structure, showing that FISH is a valuable tool for determining the response of bacterial populations to different environmental conditions.

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“…Os resultados obtidos vêm confirmar o alto potencial de lixiviação dos resíduos de aldicarbe em solos, conforme constatado por outros autores em solos norteamericanos (Jones & Back, 1984;Jones et al, 1986), europeus (Bromilow & Leistra, 1980;Fava et al, 2001) e brasileiros (Piffer & Rigitano, 1991;Scorza Junior et al, venientes da aplicação do produto de acordo com sua recomendação, seriam mínimos ou mesmo desprezíveis. Contudo, esses mesmos resultados, obtidos em condições próximas àquelas de campo, em função da utilização de lisímetros com grandes dimensões e com os solos de estrutura indeformada, confirma o risco de contaminação da água do lençol freático, e possivelmente de minas e poços de água, em solos com lençol freático próximo à superfície.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Lixiviação de aldicarbe em macrolisímetros de dois Latossolos

Castro

Rigitano

Lima³

et al. 2005

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a lixiviação do inseticida aldicarbe em macrolisímetros contendo material indeformado dos solos Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf) e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico (LVAd), em condições de campo. Uma formulação granulada de aldicarbe foi aplicada na dose recomendada, a 5 cm de profundidade, em lisímetros de 1,0 m de diâmetro e 0,45 e 0,90 m de profundidade, no início do período chuvoso. Nos cinco meses seguintes, o volume de água percolada nos lisímetros foi medido e amostras de água foram analisadas por cromatografia gás-líquido para a determinação da concentração de resíduos do composto. Os resíduos de aldicarbe e de seus produtos de oxidação ativos, sulfóxido e sulfona de aldicarbe, foram conjuntamente determinados na forma de sulfona de aldicarbe. Houve alta mobilidade dos resíduos de aldicarbe nos solos, porém, a intensa degradação desses resíduos resultou em sua lixiviação em quantidades relativamente baixas, a profundidades abaixo de 0,45 m (4,9% e 5,9% no LVdf e LVAd, respectivamente); na água percolada nos lisímetros de 0,90 m foram detectados resíduos apenas no LVdf. O risco de contaminação do lençol freático nos solos estudados, caracterizados como muito profundos, é mínimo.Termos para indexação: pesticida, contaminação, água do subsolo. Aldicarb leaching in macrolysimeters of two LatosolsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the leaching of aldicarb in macrolysimeters containing undisturbed soil material of a distroferric Red Latosol and of a distrofic Red Yellow Latosol, under field conditions. A granular formulation of the aldicarb pesticide was applied at the recommended rate, at 5 cm depth, in soil columns of 1.0 m diameter by 0.45 and 0.90 m long, at the beginning of the rainy season. The volume of percolated water in each lysimeter was measured during the subsequent five months, and water samples were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography for the determination of the pesticide residues concentration. Residues of aldicarb and its toxic transformation products, aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone, were jointly determined as aldicarbe sulfone. There was high mobility of aldicarb residues in soils, although their fairly rapid degradation in the soil resulted in the leaching of relatively low amounts below the depth of 0.45 m (4.9% for the distroferric Red Latosol and 5.9% for the distrofic Red Yellow Latosol). In 0.90 m lysimeters, aldicarb residues were detected only in the percolated water of the distroferric Red Latosol. Groundwater contamination risk in these soils, pointed out as too deep, is remote.

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Assessment of leaching potential of aldicarb and its metabolites using laboratory studies

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Microbial degradation of two carbamate insecticides and their main metabolites in soil

Microbial degradation of two carbamate insecticides and their main metabolites in soil

Simazine biodegradation in soil: analysis of bacterial community structure by in situ hybridization

Lixiviação de aldicarbe em macrolisímetros de dois Latossolos

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