Assessment of Left Ventricular Function and Mass on Free-Breathing Compressed Sensing Real-Time Cine Imaging

Abstract

stolic volume (EDV) and, consequently, variations in stroke volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF) relative to ECG-gated retrospective standard cine MRI. 10 To overcome this limitation, imaging data have been acquired over 2 heart beats, thus capturing the complete end-diastole between the first and second heart beats. 10 Given that CS cine MRI has the advantage of being inherently insensitive to respiratory motion because of single-shot acquisition, 11,12 it is suitable for free-breathing (FB) imaging. The purpose of this study was therefore to compare the accuracy of FB full cardiac cycle CS and BH standard cine MRI at 3.0 T for LV volume assessment in patients with cardiac conditions. Methods SubjectsThis prospective study was approved by the ethics review board of Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital. All participants gave written consent for participation in the study. Seventy-one consecutive patients who were scheduled to R etrospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with breath hold (BH) is generally considered the standard method for assessment of left ventricular (LV) function. 1,2 This imaging sequence, however, requires multiple BH scans to cover the entire LV, thus prolonging the duration of cardiovascular MRI (CMR). In addition, many patients who undergo CMR have dyspnea, and difficulty tolerating BH. Poor BH technique can lead to poor image quality and low accuracy of LV functional assessment. Several acceleration techniques have been developed to reduce the BH duration in cine MRI. 3-5 Recently, compressed sensing (CS) with sparse sampling and iterative reconstruction was proven to reduce MRI acquisition time drastically. 6 Clinical studies have reported the utility of this technique in cine MRI for assessment of LV function with 1.5-T and 3.0-T MRI scanners. 7-10 Prospective ECG-triggered CS cine MRI, however, might be unable to capture the first and last phases of the cardiac cycle, because the acquisition window is set to a fixed length at the beginning of the scan.

Real-time assessment of right and left ventricular volumes and function in children using high spatiotemporal resolution spiral bSSFP with compressed sensing

“…Nevertheless, the biases were all below 5% and would be expected to have minimal effect on clinical decision making. More importantly, the limits of agreement were narrow compared to previously described real-time methods (including those that utilize CS) [ 6 , 29 ]. We believe that this is due to the high spatial and temporal resolution of our spiral real-time sequence, which was only slightly lower than the standard breath hold sequence.…”

Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance: feasibility and development of biventricular function and great vessel flow assessment, during continuous exercise accelerated by Compressed SENSE: preliminary results in healthy volunteers

“…We demonstrated this is feasible using C-SENSE. C-SENSE is vendor provided, boasting faster image acquisition [32,33] and greater robustness to respiratory motion [19] than standard parallel imaging techniques. Our C-SENSE protocol's ability to assess biventricular haemodynamics and great vessel flow, which could be used to quantify valvular flow/regurgitant flow, in response to incremental exercise could theoretically provide a comprehensive assessment in valvular and congenital heart disease.…”

“…Unfortunately, the un-gated real-time technique requires specialist software (for post hoc cardiac and respiratory gating) and prolonged post processing and analysis time, thus decreasing clinical utility and widespread attainability. Compressed SENSE (C-SENSE) is a novel parallel imaging technique, robust to respiratory motion and allows fast image acquisition whilst maintaining high image quality [19]. To our knowledge [20], C-SENSE has not previously been utilised in Ex-CMR.…”

Breath-hold and free-breathing quantitative assessment of biventricular volume and function using compressed SENSE: a clinical validation in children and young adults

“…Although the accuracy and reproducibility of CMR bSSFP for the measurement of ventricular volumes, function, and cardiac mass is well established [17][18][19], the requirement for repeated BHs remains a limitation, especially in children and sedated patients. Accelerated cine CMR techniques (such as k-t BLAST, TPAT, TSENSE, and compressed sensing) have reported bias in left ventricular (LV) volumes, function, and LV mass due to spatiotemporal blurring and temporal filtering [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Free-breathing (FB) respiratory triggered retrospectively cardiac gated cine bSSFP sequences have been reported to provide biventricular volumes, function, and LV mass comparable to BH acquisitions with a SENSE acceleration factor of 2 in adults and children [27,28].…”