Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) with carbon fiber reinforcement are widely used in the aircraft industry and other important defense industries due to their superior performance. To investigate the factors affecting the grinding force and surface quality of 2.5D needled Cf/SiC material, the motion equation of abrasive particles under longitudinaltorsional ultrasonic vibration was established using kinematic analysis, and the trajectory analysis of abrasive particles was carried out using MATLAB simulation. The grinding force, surface topography, and roughness of conventional grinding (CG) and longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (L-TUVAG) were analyzed and evaluated to explore the process mechanism of Cf/SiC material damage. An improved processing technique and parameters for processing were proposed. The findings show that the principal pathways for material removal during grinding are matrix breaks, interfacial debonding, fiber damage, and fractures. Grinding parameters have a significant influence on the quality of the processing surface. The surface topography steadily improves during the grinding process as the grinding wheel speed increases. However, the feed speed and grinding depth have a reverse impact. High-speed micro-grinding can significantly improve grinding efficiency and surface processing quality. L-TUVAG has a lower grinding force than CG by a factor of 16.16% to 35.82%, and the surface processing quality is correspondingly better. These discoveries enable the prediction of surface morphology and roughness characteristics of materials. And provide important technological support for improving the processing quality of CMCs.