Assessment of mmWave Handset Arrays in the Presence of the User Body

Ballesteros, Christian; Vähä-Savo, Lauri; Haneda, Katsuyuki; Icheln, Clemens; Romeu, J.; Jofre, L.

doi:10.1109/lawp.2021.3095352

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For the human body shadowing, [97] illustrates that the shadowing by the user's body might decrease the gain about 20-30 dB if the mm-wave array is close to the user. Zhao et al [98] also observes a strong shadowing effect from the human body in the mm-wave band, which is around 20-25 dB at 15 GHz.…”

Section: User Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the mm-Wave Array for Mobile Phones

Wang,

Fan

2023

MIMO Communications - Fundamental Theory, Propagation Channels, and Antenna Systems

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With the development of communication system to the mm-wave band, the antenna design in the mm-wave band for mobile phones encounters new requirements and challenges. The mm-wave characteristics of short wavelength, high free-space path loss, and easy-to-be-blocking usually require mm-wave antennas with high gain and beam-scanning capability. Also, considering the very limited space occupied by antennas in mobile phones and the massive production of consumer electronics, small size, low cost, multiband, multi-polarization, and wide beam steering becomes the main key point of mm-wave array performance. In addition, as a special situation of the mobile antenna, the analysis of effect of the human tissue on the antenna performance is also important. So, in this chapter, a comprehensive summary on the recent advances in the mm-wave array for mobile phones including single-band, dual-band, and reconfigurable design of broadside array, horizontal polarized, vertical polarized, and dual-polarized design of endfire array, co-design of mm-wave array with lower band antenna, and user influence are summarized.

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Section: User Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the mm-Wave Array for Mobile Phones

Wang,

Fan

2023

MIMO Communications - Fundamental Theory, Propagation Channels, and Antenna Systems

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“…Other studies have explored the effects of grip patterns and grip-awareness models on handset coverage [5], as well as the effects of hand blockage on mmWave antennas and propagation [1,5,6]. Other investigations [7,8] concentrated on the spherical coverage of user equipment at 28 GHz. However, these studies employed a different configuration of antenna array placements and did not provide information on the impact of using multi-bit phase shifters to vary the number of beam steering configurations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Two-Handed Grip on Quasi-Omnidirectional Coverage of mm Wave 5G Handset

Larmour,

Li,

et al. 2023

2023 Photonics &Amp; Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)

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In this study, we explore the impact of a two-handed grip on the coverage of a handset featuring three antenna arrays operating in the n257 frequency band of 26.5 GHz -29.5 GHz. We focus on beam steering, which is effectively implemented using the antenna arrays and multi-bit phase shifters to provide quasi-omnidirectional coverage. We investigate how different hand grips impact the handset's coverage region, including clockwise (CW) and anti-clockwise (ACW) rotation of the handset. Our findings reveal that, for the CW two-handed grip, beam steering significantly increased the coverage region (in which gain is greater than 0 dBi) from 19.7% to 42.2% of the spherical region surrounding the handset when 3-bit phase shifters are used for analogue beam steering. Similarly, for the ACW two-handed grip, coverage was increased from 10.2% to 36.9% with 3-bit beam steering. Cumulative distribution function (CDF) performance for effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is also considered for the handset in free space, along with both grip orientations. It is once again shown that beam steering offers a significant performance increase; however, it is also shown that introducing the user's hand grip degrades the performance. Additionally, this paper investigates the impact of varying the phase shifter resolution used to actuate beam steering on the coverage of the handset. We found that increasing the resolution increases the number of possible steering angles at each array, thereby increasing the percentage coverage of the handset. However, we also note that the relationship between resolution and coverage plateaus around 3 bits. Overall, our study highlights the importance of beam steering in improving coverage and signal strength for handsets operating in the n257 frequency band. By exploring the impact of different hand grips and phase shifter resolution, we provide valuable insights into designing future handsets that can better serve users in various settings.

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“…Figuring out their effect is therefore a key issue in the community of cellphone antenna design. Plenty of papers focus on interactions between antennas and human bodies for above-6 GHz bands [2]- [8]. Most of them discuss combined effects of human bodies and hands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Measured and Simulated Radiation from 5G Cellphone Antennas with Hand Phantoms

Xue

Haneda

Icheln

et al. 2023

2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)

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In this manuscript, hand effects on cellphone antennas at 5G millimeter-wave frequencies are evaluated through measurements using hand phantoms and are compared with results from electromagnetic simulations. First, two configurations of a dual-polarized 4-element linear antenna array operating at 28 GHz are introduced. One-hand and two-hand physical phantoms and their numerical models for electromagnetic simulations are illustrated. Then, the array evaluation metric, i.e., spherical coverage, is introduced to assess statistics of realized gain across the solid angle. Next, antenna measurement setups are implemented for the two antenna arrays combined with the two physical hand phantoms. Finally, the spherical coverage and the corresponding cumulative distribution function are calculated. Differences in the realized gains derived from simulated and measured antenna arrays are about 1 dB at the median levels of the cumulative distribution. The differences are comparable to those observed when real hands are used in measurements instead of phantom hands [1].

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Assessment of mmWave Handset Arrays in the Presence of the User Body

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Recent Advances in the mm-Wave Array for Mobile Phones

Recent Advances in the mm-Wave Array for Mobile Phones

Impact of Two-Handed Grip on Quasi-Omnidirectional Coverage of mm Wave 5G Handset

Comparison of Measured and Simulated Radiation from 5G Cellphone Antennas with Hand Phantoms

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