Assessment of Non-Smokers' Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Using                Personal-Exposure and Fixed-Location Monitoring

Sterling, E.; Collett, Chris; Ross, James A.

doi:10.1177/1420326x9600500207

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The levels of ETS constituents to which the general workplace populations in the 16-Cities Study were exposed were lower than or comparable to those described in previous studies (2)(3)(4)(5)15 Table 5, the median potential inhaled quantity of nicotine for restaurant wait staff, bartenders, and U.S. subjects working in unrestricted smoking workplaces is 4.5, 18, and 6.8 pg/day, respectively. These doses are a small fraction of those estimated by Reface and Lowery (17) 10 100…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

“…Although a number of studies have sought to determine occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) through personal monitoring measurements in the United States (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), the scope of those studies has been limited, either because of the narrow geographic distribution of the study subject base or the relatively short duration (small fraction of a normal work shift) over which the samples were acquired. This article presents the overall results of two personal exposure assessment studies conducted by the author to determine ETS in occupational settings, one across broad occupational categories for a geographically dispersed subject population (6), and another in a more restricted population of what are believed to be more highly exposed workers, restaurant and tavern servers (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Results of Two Personal Exposure Studies

Jenkins¹,

Counts²

1999

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Personal monitoring is a more accurate measure of individual exposure to airborne constituents because it incorporates human activity patterns and collects actual breathing zone samples to which subjects are exposed. Two recent studies conducted by our laboratory offer perspective on occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from a personal exposure standpoint. In a study of nearly 1600 workers, levels of ETS were lower than or comparable to those in earlier studies. Limits on smoking in designated areas also acted to reduce overall exposure of workers. In facilities where smoking is permitted, ETS exposures are 10 to 20 times greater than in facilities in which smoking is banned. Service workers were exposed to higher levels of ETS than workers in white-collar occupations. For the narrower occupational category of waiters, waitresses, and bartenders, a second study in one urban location indicated that ETS levels to which wait staff are exposed are not considerably different from those exposure levels of subjects in the larger study who work in environments in which smoking is unrestricted. Bartenders were exposed to higher ETS levels, but there is a distinction between bartenders working in smaller facilities and those working in multiroom restaurant bars, with the former exposed to higher levels of ETS than the latter. In addition, ETS levels encountered by these more highly exposed workers are lower that those estimated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Concomitant area monitoring in the smaller study suggests that area samples can only be used to estimate individual personal exposure to within an order of magnitude or greater.-Environ Health Perspect 107(Suppl 2):341-348 (1999). http.//ehpnetl.niehs.nih.gov/docs/ 1999/Suppl-2/341-348jenkins/abstract.html

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Results of Two Personal Exposure Studies

Jenkins¹,

Counts²

1999

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Strict comparison of this data set with those of other studies is difficult because of the limited number of studies conducted in office settings where smoking is truly unrestricted. Median levels for nicotine in this study are comparable to those determined by Sterling et al ( 1996 ), and lower than those reported by Hammond et al ( 1995 ). Hedge et al (1994 ) reported ETS constituent levels in several facilities where smoking restrictions were in force, and generally found much higher levels in those areas where the monitoring was conducted.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Studies in offices with extensive area measurements of ETS concentrations, coupled with personal monitoring data acquired simultaneously, have been very limited. In a study reported by Sterling et al ( 1996 ), median personal exposure levels of ETS constituents for 25 subjects in two facilities where smoking was not restricted were not statistically different from those of 16 area measurements made in the same facility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Environmental tobacco smoke in an unrestricted smoking workplace: area and personal exposure monitoring

Jenkins

Maskarinec

Counts

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The objective of this investigation was to determine the extent of areal and day -to -day variability of stationary environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) concentrations in a single large facility where smoking was both prevalent and unrestricted, and to determine the degree of daily variation in the personal exposure levels of ETS constituents in the same facility. The subject facility was a relatively new four -story office building with an approximate volume of 1.3 million ft 3 . The exchange of outside air in the building was determined to be between 0.6 and 0.7 air changes per hour. Eighty -seven area samples ( excluding background ) were collected at 29 locations over the course of 6 days of sampling. Locations included offices and cubicles occupied by smokers and nonsmokers, common areas, and the computer and mail rooms. Twenty -four nonsmoking subjects wore personal sampling systems to collect breathing zone air samples on each of 3 days in succession. This generated a total of seventy -two 8 -h time -weighted average ( TWA ) personal exposure samples. In all samples, respirable suspended particulate matter, ultraviolet light -absorbing and fluorescing particulate matter, solanesol, nicotine, and 3 -ethenyl pyridine were determined. With the exception of a few locations, tobacco -specific airborne constituents were determined in all samples. Not surprisingly, areas with the highest ETS constituent concentrations were offices and cubicles of smokers. Median and 95th percentile concentrations for all area samples, excluding background, were determined to be 1.5 and 8.7 g / m 3 for nicotine, and 8.2 and 59 g / m 3 for ETS -specific particles ( as solanesol -related particulate matter, Sol -PM ), respectively. Personal exposure concentrations of ETS components were similar to those levels found in the area samples ( median nicotine and Sol -PM concentrations were 1.24 and 7.1 g / m 3 , respectively ), but the range of concentrations was somewhat smaller. For example, the 95th percentile 8 -h TWA nicotine and ETS -specific particle ( as Sol -PM ) concentrations were 3.58 and 21.9 g / m 3 , respectively. Intrasubject variation of daily concentrations ranged from 20% to 60%, depending on the component. Self -reported proximity to smokers was supported by higher ETS concentrations determined from the personal monitors, but only to a modest extent. Although smoking was completely unrestricted inside the main office areas of the facility, ETS levels, either areal or from personal exposure measurements, were lower than those estimated by Occupational Safety and Health Administration to be present in such facilities.

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“…In a study using ca. 8 -h TWA levels reported by Sterling et al ( 1996 ), median personal exposure levels of ETS constituents for 25 subjects in two facilities were not statistically different from those of several area measurements made in the same facility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Determination of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in restaurant and tavern workers in one US city

Maskarinec

Jenkins

Counts

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Approximately 173 subjects employed as waiters, waitresses, or bartenders in the Knoxville, TN, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area collected a sample of air from their breathing zone while at their workplace for one shift. In addition, area samples were placed near the work spaces of many of the subjects. Collected samples were analyzed for respirable suspended particulate matter ( RSPM ) , ultraviolet -absorbing and fluorescing particulate matter, solanesol, 3 -ethenyl pyridine ( 3 -EP ) , and nicotine. Saliva samples were collected from the subjects prior to and within 24 h following their work shift, to confirm their non -smoking status. The range of concentrations of environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) constituents encountered was considerable, e.g., for nicotine, from undetectable to more than 100 g / m 3 . However, the highest RSP levels observed were considerably lower than OSHA workplace standards. Distributions of ETS concentrations suggest that there are two``ETS exposure'' types of bartenders: those that work in single room bars and those that work in larger, multiroom restaurant / bars. Personal exposure to ETS of the former group was ca. 10Â greater than those of the latter group, who were exposed to ETS levels more comparable to those encountered by wait staff. Exposure ( concentrationÂduration ) differences between wait staff and workers in other types of unrestricted smoking environments reported in other studies suggest that exposures in the restaurant environment may be more difficult to assess than originally considered. Salivary cotinine levels indicated that for those subjects living in smoking homes, ETS exposures outside the workplace are at least as important as those in the workplace.

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Assessment of Non-Smokers' Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Using Personal-Exposure and Fixed-Location Monitoring

Cited by 21 publications

References 5 publications

Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Results of Two Personal Exposure Studies

Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Results of Two Personal Exposure Studies

Environmental tobacco smoke in an unrestricted smoking workplace: area and personal exposure monitoring

Determination of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in restaurant and tavern workers in one US city

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