Assessment of organophosphorous pesticide exposures in the diets of preschool children in Washington State

Abstract

Twenty -four hour duplicate diet sampling was employed to investigate dietary pesticide exposures of children aged 2 to 5 years. Duplicate diets were collected from seven children living in the Seattle metropolitan area and six children living in Chelan and Douglas counties in Central Washington. Diet samples were collected from each child in the summer and again in the fall, and total daily diets were divided into four food categories: fresh fruits and vegetables, beverages, processed foods, and dairy products. A total of 88 individual food category samples were collected and analyzed for 15 organophosphorous ( OP ) pesticides. Three of the 13 children had no detectable OP pesticides in either of their diet samples, and 14 of the 26 duplicate diets did not contain detectable levels of OP pesticides. Sixteen individual food category samples contained detectable levels of at least one OP pesticide and two of these samples contained detectable levels of two OP pesticides. Of the 15 targeted pesticides, 6 were detected: azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, malathion, methidathion, methyl parathion, and phosmet. Azinphosmethyl was detected most frequently ( 10% of all samples ), particularly in samples containing apples or apple juice. The fresh fruits and vegetable category had the most frequent pesticide determinations, followed by beverages. OP pesticides were not present at detectable levels in any of the dairy samples. Malathion was the only OP pesticide detected in processed food samples, appearing in 4 of the 26 samples ( 15% ). No detections were above the legal tolerances for residues on produce, however the acute population -adjusted reference dose ( aPAD ) for chlorpyrifos exposure of 1.7 g / kg / day was exceeded by one subject during one sampling event. This subject's cumulative daily dose of chlorpyrifos equivalents was estimated to be 2.5 g / kg / day.

Comparison of organophosphorus pesticide metabolite levels in single and multiple daily urine samples collected from preschool children in Washington State

“…The full study protocol included not only the biological monitoring reported here, but also soil, household dust, toy and hand wipes, drinking water, 24-h air samples, and 24-h duplicate diet samples. Results of the environmental sampling (Kedan, 1999) and the duplicate diet sampling (Fenske et al, 2002) are reported elsewhere. In total, 13 families agreed to participate in this study: seven from King and Snohomish counties and six from Chelan and Douglas counties.…”

“…Detailed demographic information, including age, sex, weight, and parental occupation for these children is presented elsewhere (Kedan, 1999;Fenske et al, 2002). In brief, children were an average of 3.9 years old (SD ¼ 0.9 years) and the mean child weight was 16.8 kg (SD ¼ 2.8 kg).…”

Comparison of food consumption frequencies among NHANES and CPES children: Implications for dietary pesticide exposure and risk assessment

“…Dietary intake has been identified as an important source of pesticide exposure among US children, particularly for organophosphorus (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides (Fenske et al, 2002;Clayton et al, 2003;Curl et al, 2003;Morgan et al, 2005;Lu et al, 2008aLu et al, , 2006bRiederer et al, 2008). Characterizing consumption patterns usually involves empirical and/ or probabilistic descriptions of how individuals vary with respect to the frequency and amounts of the foods they eat.…”

Characterization of chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis in placental cells

“…CPF and its metabolites have been detected in farm animals, such as cattle, hogs and sheep (Ivey 1979;Ivey and Palmer 1979;Ivey and Palmer 1981). Moreover, chlorpyrifos residues or its metabolites have been discovered in the diet of preschoolers (Fenske et al 2002a), in the urine of children living in proximity to orchards (Lu et al 2000;Fenske et al 2002b), as well as in the cord blood of infants born to minority women living in urban settings (Whyatt et al 2004). …”