Assessment of Outcome following Severe Closed Head Injury

Mr, Bond

doi:10.1177/003693307802300149

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Brain edema, as a consequence of various brain insults, including traumatic brain injury, stroke and brain tumor, exacerbates the development of these diseases and is a major cause of morbidity and death in these patients [8]. The pathophysiological swelling of brain tissue is a main feature of cerebral edema due to the progressive increase in water content [9].…”

Section: Brain Edemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquaporin-4: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Edema

Tang

Yang

2016

IJMS

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Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a family member of water-channel proteins and is dominantly expressed in the foot process of glial cells surrounding capillaries. The predominant expression at the boundaries between cerebral parenchyma and major fluid compartments suggests the function of aquaporin-4 in water transfer into and out of the brain parenchyma. Accumulating evidences have suggested that the dysregulation of aquaporin-4 relates to the brain edema resulting from a variety of neuro-disorders, such as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, trauma, etc. During edema formation in the brain, aquaporin-4 has been shown to contribute to the astrocytic swelling, while in the resolution phase, it has been seen to facilitate the reabsorption of extracellular fluid. In addition, aquaporin-4-deficient mice are protected from cytotoxic edema produced by water intoxication and brain ischemia. However, aquaporin-4 deletion exacerbates vasogenic edema in the brain of different pathological disorders. Recently, our published data showed that the upregulation of aquaporin-4 in astrocytes probably contributes to the transition from cytotoxic edema to vasogenic edema. In this review, apart from the traditional knowledge, we also introduce our latest findings about the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and microRNA-29b on aquaporin-4, which could provide powerful intervention tools targeting aquaporin-4.

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Section: Brain Edemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquaporin-4: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Edema

Tang

Yang

2016

IJMS

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“…Few families can provide such a therapeutic situation, nor can they tolerate, on a continual basis, the patient's early aberrant actions. 13 Cognition is such a dominant factor in language that speech pathologists have become leaders in cog-nitive retraining. Their efforts are supplemented by the physical and occupational therapists who relate the elements of cognition to physical actions such as rising, walking, dressing, personal care, and writing.…”

Section: Mental Rehabilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehabilitation of the neurologically disabled patient: principles, practice, and scientific basis

Perry¹

1983

Journal of Neurosurgery

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Rehabilitation is a therapeutic program specifically directed toward restoring the optimum level of function available to patients with severe permanent disabilities. It complements standard care, which focuses on curing the primary pathology. Preventive rehabilitation is designed to minimize the complications of inactivity that tend to develop during a protracted curative process (contractures, pressure sores, muscle atrophy, cardiopulmonary deconditioning, cognitive dulling). Comprehensive rehabilitation focuses on the restoration of function. It encompasses physical reconditioning, teaching new ways to accomplish the basic tasks of locomotion, object handling, personal care, relationships with family and society, employment, and recreation. The rehabilitation program is largely designed and provided by a team of allied health professionals, each an expert in one area of function. Reverting to a less dominant role, the physician provides leadership by defining the stress (activity) tolerance of the patient's pathology, coordinates the team, and manages intercurrent problems that arise. Comprehensive rehabilitation is an in-hospital program. Less intense elements can be provided in a skilled nursing facility, out-patient clinic, or the patient's home. The details of the rehabilitation process vary with the nature of the patient's primary pathology. These have been illustrated in this review of the programs for two very diverse situations. Spinal cord injury introduces varying levels of physical incapacitation. Conversely, brain injury primarily creates a cognitive and behavioral deficit. Both are complex problems requiring comprehensive rehabilitation if the impairment is severe.

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Targeting Water in the Brain: Role of Aquaporin-4 in Ischemic Brain Edema

Mamtilahun

Tang

Zhang

et al. 2019

CDT

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Brain edema primarily occurs as a consequence of various cerebral injuries including ischemic stroke. Excessive accumulation of brain water content causes a gradual expansion of brain parenchyma, decreased blood flow and increased intracranial pressure and, ultimately, cerebral herniation and death. Current clinical treatment for ischemic edema is very limited, therefore, it is urgent to develop novel treatment strategies. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that AQP4, a water channel protein, is closely correlated with brain edema and could be an optimal therapeutic target for the reduction of ischemic brain edema. AQP4 is prevalently distributed in the central nervous system, and mainly regulates water flux in brain cells under normal and pathological conditions. This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms of AQP4 related to its dual role in edema formation and elimination.

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Assessment of Outcome following Severe Closed Head Injury

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Aquaporin-4: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Edema

Aquaporin-4: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Edema

Rehabilitation of the neurologically disabled patient: principles, practice, and scientific basis

Targeting Water in the Brain: Role of Aquaporin-4 in Ischemic Brain Edema

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