Objective-This article compares use of pain coping strategies among older, middle-aged, and younger adults living with chronic pain and seeks to determine whether the relationship between pain severity and coping is moderated by age.Method-Participants were 464 adults reporting chronic pain secondary to multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, or neuromuscular disease. Participants completed a survey including measures of pain severity and the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory.Results-After controlling for clinical and demographic variables, older adults (older than 60) reported a wider range of frequently used strategies and significantly more frequent engagement in activity pacing, seeking social support, and use of coping self-statements than did younger or middleaged adults. Moderation analyses suggest that, for younger adults, efforts at coping generally increased with greater pain severity, whereas this relationship did not exist for older adults.Discussion-These data suggest differences in the quantity and quality of pain coping among age groups.
Keywords chronic pain; older adults; SCI; MS; neuromuscular diseaseAging is associated with a number of uncontrollable stressors, including retirement, financial strain, bereavement, changes in social support, and health decline (Aldwin, 1990;Krause, Jay, & Liang, 1991;Murrell, Norris, & Hutchins, 1984). Despite this, most research has demonstrated a decline in perceived stress and increase in well-being with increasing age (e.g.,
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript Aldwin, 1991;Paykel, 1983;Silverman, Eichler, & Williams, 1987). Consistent with this observation, research during the past several decades has examined the ways that older adults cope with stressors and has noted differences in both the process and the content of coping as compared to younger adults. In general, these differences have favored older adults, suggesting more effective coping in later life. For example, from the psychodynamic or developmental perspective, Vaillant (1977) reported that middle-aged men used fewer neurotic and immature defense mechanisms as compared to their younger selves. More recently, Diehl, Coyle, and Labouvie-Vief (1996) reported that a group of older adults reported a combination of coping strategies indicative of "greater impulse control" and positive appraisal of conflict situations as compared to younger adults and adolescents. Studies of standardized measures of coping have also supported these findings, suggesting that older adults generally use less escapism and avoidant coping (Aldwin & Revenson, 1985, cited in Aldwin, 1991 Irion & BlanchardFields, 1987). However, findings of more effective or positive coping in older adults have not been consistent across stressors or populations. Folkman, Lazarus, Pimley, and Novacek (1987) found that older people used relatively more escape avoidance, although this effect could not be replicated by Aldwin (1991). Furthermore, very small (Aldwin, Sutton, Chiara, & Spiro, 1996) or n...