Assessment of Pain in Animals

Kitchell, R. L.; Johnson, Richard D.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7544-6_8

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…Wound swelling and healing was the final and longer (2-wk) result. This progression corresponds to acute and chronic phases of pain (Kitchell and Johnson, 1985). Our study addressed only the acute phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local and General Anesthetic Effects on Behavior and Performance of Two- and Seven-Week-Old Castrated and Uncastrated Piglets

McGlone

Hellman

1988

Journal of Animal Science

115

106

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Four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of general and local anesthetics given prior to castration on piglet behavior and weight gain. The first experiment showed that use of general anesthesia by xylazine, ketamine hydrochloride and glyceryl guaiacolate for 2-wk-old piglets resulted in the death of 28% of the piglets and, for those that survived, suppressed nursing behavior. In the second experiment, using 2-wk-old piglets, local anesthesia by lidocaine hydrochloride prevented the slight (30 min) castration-induced nursing behavior suppression. In the third and fourth studies, using 7-wk-old pigs, local or general anesthetic did not overcome castration-induced changes in behavior. Castration affected behavior of 7-wk-old pigs for 6 to 8 h. None of the treatments in any of the studies influenced weight gain. We conclude that castration is painful for 2-wk-old and 7-wk-old pigs. The 2-wk-old pig seems behaviorally less affected by castration than does the 7-wk-old pig. Local anesthetic prevented pain-induced behavior changes for 2-wk-old, but not for 7-wk-old, pigs. At present, the FDA does not permit use of these anesthetics in meat-producing animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local and General Anesthetic Effects on Behavior and Performance of Two- and Seven-Week-Old Castrated and Uncastrated Piglets

McGlone

Hellman

1988

Journal of Animal Science

115

106

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“…Mammals are sentient and have the ability to perceive injurious stimuli (Kitchell and Johnson 1985). A trapping program should avoid discomfort as much as possible if for no other reason than not to do so can lead to negative affects on the animal subjects that ultimately affects the research results.…”

Section: Common Sensementioning

confidence: 99%

Trapping and Marking Terrestrial Mammals for Research: Integrating Ethics, Performance Criteria, Techniques, and Common Sense

Powell¹,

Proulx²

2003

ILAR Journal

180

130

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We propose that researchers integrate ethics, performance criteria, techniques, and common sense when developing research trapping programs and in which members of institutional animal care and use committees address these topics when evaluating research protocols. To ask questions about ethics is in the best tradition of science, and researchers must be familiar with codes of ethics and guidelines for research published by professional societies. Researchers should always work to improve research methods and to decrease the effects on research animals, if for no other reason than to minimize the chances that the methods influence the animals' behavior in ways that affect research results. Traps used in research should meet performance criteria that address state-of-the-art trapping technology and that optimize animal welfare conditions within the context of the research. The proposal includes the following criteria for traps used in research: As Criterion I, killing-traps should render >/= 70% of animals caught irreversibly unconscious in /= 70% of animals with

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“…There is ample evidence that animals do experience pain (Andrews et al;1993;Bateson, 1991;Borszcz, 1995;Franklin and Abbott, 1989;Hammond, 1989;Kitchell and Johnson, 1983;Vierck et al, 1989;Willis, 1985;Zimmerman, 1984). Animals tested include rodents, primates, and carnivores, and observations were reported on neurosurgical, behavioral responses (including Pavlovian responses), and assessments of analgesic drugs on nociceptive responses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They depicted and described Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel terminals, and free nerve endings. Based on human anatomy, Pacinian corpuscles and Merkel discs respond to pressure and touch, whereas, free or naked nerve endings are associated with pain (e.g., Campbell, 1993;Kitchell and Johnson, 1983;Willis, 1985;Zimmerman, 1984).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%