Assessment of personal exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in British nonsmokers

Phillips, K.; Howard, David A.; Browne, David R.; Lewsley, J. Mark

doi:10.1016/0160-4120(94)90303-4

Cited by 48 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…21,25,[27][28][29] In this experiment, solanesol made up 3.15% (3.00-3.32%) of the ETS-RSP mass from the commercial cigarettes, which is in good agreement with published values. For the TOB-HT1 cigarette, solanesol made up 1.2% of the particulate mass.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes

Nelson

Kelly

Conrad

1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A method was developed to reproducibly measure environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) components generated by different cigarettes. Measurements were carried out in an unventilated, controlled environment chamber. True ETS (the aged and diluted combination of exhaled mainstream plus sidestream smoke) was generated by human smokers. To reliably quantitate components normally present at trace levels, the comparisons were carried out at elevated ETS concentrations-greater than 40 times those typically encountered in "real-world" settings.The method was applied to four commercially available cigarettes and a cigarette prototype that primarily heats tobacco. Forty-three properties and components of the gas and particulate phases of ETS generated by the different cigarettes were measured. Good precision of measurement was obtained both within and between tests. Statistically significant differences in the concentration of ETS components were observed among the different commercial cigarettes and between the commercial and prototype cigarettes. Most ETS components from the prototype cigarette were reduced by >90% when compared to the commercial cigarettes. The method was used to determine the effect of cigarette design changes on the generation of ETS. INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been defined as the aged and diluted mixture of sidestream smoke (the smoke from the lit end of a cigarette) and exhaled mainstream smoke (the smoke a smoker exhales).1 A wide range of testing methods have been used to characterize the composition of ETS.2-6 Typically, investigators target a limited number of specific components in the ETS from one or a few cigarettes. It is unusual to find reports that offer a relatively complete picture of ETS composition for one or more cigarettes. Often, rather than sampling a range of different cigarette brands and styles (e.g., soft pack or box, king size or 100s, full flavor or lights), it has been assumed that the ETS generated by different cigarettes within a brand family is qualitatively and quantitatively the same. 7,8 Alternatively, the results of non-standardized comparisons of mainstream and sidestream smoke composition have been used to predict ETS composition-a problematic process.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes

Nelson

Kelly

Conrad

1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…The most accurate and comprehensive measurements of individual ETS exposure come from personal monitoring of the breathing zone of nonsmokers at home and in the workplace (Phillips et al, 1998;Jenkins et al, 1996). Surveys of nonsmokers in a number of cities in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia indicated that average ETS exposure was roughly equivalent to smoking 0.03 cigarettes per day for those living and working with smokers (Phillips et al, 1994(Phillips et al, , 1998Phillips & Bentley, 2001). A large study of nonsmokers in sixteen US cities provided similar estimates of ETS exposure (Jenkins et al, 1996).…”

Section: Quantitative Measurements Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 49%

“…A large study of nonsmokers in sixteen US cities provided similar estimates of ETS exposure (Jenkins et al, 1996). The home was found to be the greatest source of ETS exposure (Phillips et al, 1994;Jenkins et al,1996). These estimates indicate that the actual ETS exposure of a never smoker married to a smoker is less than the exposure resulting from smoking 0.1 cigarettes per day.…”

Section: Quantitative Measurements Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in the United States—A Meta-Analysis and Critique

Enstrom

Kabat

2006

Inhalation Toxicology

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Several major meta-analyses have concluded that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by about 25% among never smokers. However, these reviews have excluded a large portion of the epidemiologic evidence on questionable grounds and have been inconsistent in the selection of the results that are included. We conducted an updated meta-analysis and critique of the evidence on ETS exposure and its relationship to death from CHD among never smokers. Our focus is on the U.S. cohort studies, which provide the vast majority of the available evidence. ETS exposure is assessed in terms of spousal smoking, self-reported estimates, and personal monitoring. The epidemiologic results are summarized by means of overall relative risks and dose-response relationships. The methodological issues of publication bias, exposure misclassification, and confounding are discussed. Several large studies indicate that spousal smoking history is a valid measure of relative exposure to ETS, particularly for females. Personal monitoring of nonsmokers indicates that their average ETS exposure from a smoking spouse is equivalent in terms of nicotine exposure to smoking less than 0.1 cigarettes per day. When all relevant studies are included in the meta-analysis and results are appropriately combined, current or ever exposure to ETS, as approximated by spousal smoking, is associated with roughly a 5% increased risk of death from CHD in never smokers. Furthermore, there is no dose-response relationship and no elevated risk associated with the highest level of ETS exposure in males or females. An objective assessment of the available epidemiologic evidence indicates that the association of ETS with CHD death in U.S. never smokers is very weak. Previous assessments appear to have overestimated the strength of the association.

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“…ETS involves inhaling carcinogens and other toxic components, and scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to ETS causes death, disease, and disability in children and adults who do not smoke (Phillips et al, 1994). People may be exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in homes, cars, workplaces (Phillips et al, 1994), and public places, such as bars, restaurants, and recreational settings. In addition, there is another type of smoke which until now has not been considered: the so-called third hand smoke (Figure 1), that comes from the rests of active smoking nicotine (mainstream smoke) that is laid down on the surfaces of indoor environments (cars, clothes, curtains, wallpaper, etc.)…”

Section: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Its Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The smoke accumulates in enclosed spaces and the concentration varies with the number of smokers, with the type of smoking, and with the characteristics of the room, especially the ventilation (Trédaniel et al, 1994). ETS involves inhaling carcinogens and other toxic components, and scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to ETS causes death, disease, and disability in children and adults who do not smoke (Phillips et al, 1994). People may be exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in homes, cars, workplaces (Phillips et al, 1994), and public places, such as bars, restaurants, and recreational settings.…”

Section: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Its Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its health impacts: a review

Gashaw¹,

Teshita²,

Tilahun³

2016

Int. J. Bio. Chem. Sci

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Worldwide tobacco smoking kills nearly 6 million people each year, including more than 600,000 non-smokers who die from smoke exposure. Tobacco smoke is a toxic and carcinogenic mixture of more than 5,000 chemicals. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), or secondhand smoke, is the combination of side stream smoke, the smoke given off by a burning tobacco product and mainstream smoke, the smoke exhaled by smokers. Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke is detrimental to health which may pose a health risks to nonsmokers. Epidemiological data suggest that exposure to ETS may increase the risk of developing lung cancer, stroke, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, intrauterine growth retardation, predisposition to chronic lung disease, sudden infant death syndrome and is a risk factor for childhood asthma. The human populations most at risk from ETS exposure appear to be neonates, young children, and possibly the fetus while in uterus. The effects of ETS on human health are well-known, passive smoking is harmful to those who breathe the toxins and it is a serious problem for public health. Therefore, the decrease in smoking prevalence could provide substantial health gains in humans. This article reviews information on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particles that are of potential interest to scientists and professionals involved in exposure or risk assessment, epidemiology, or tobacco policy and to compile effective ways of reducing exposure in order to contribute to the wellbeing of human.

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Assessment of personal exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in British nonsmokers

Cited by 48 publications

References 11 publications

Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes

Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes

Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in the United States—A Meta-Analysis and Critique

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its health impacts: a review

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