Assessment of Physicochemical, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, and Biofilm Activities of N-Doped Graphene

Abstract

Nanomedicine has been used as a precise treatment for many diseases. The advantage of using nanodrugs is that they have more permeability and less toxicity to cells, which enhances the drug delivery system. Graphene is well known for its potential biological applications in drug, food, and pharma industries. This study aimed to assess the productivity and potentiality of nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) and to evaluate their anticancer, antimicrobial, and biofilm inhibition activity. Nitrogen-doped graphene was synthesized by using a one-pot facile synthesis of NDG, wherein the NDG was prepared by the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) in the presence of hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent, while ammonium hydroxide was used as a source of nitrogen on the surface of graphene. As-synthesized NDG was characterized by various characterization techniques such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, TEM, and N2 sorption studies analysis. Antimicrobial, anticancer, and biofilm inhibition assays were performed by standard protocols. N-doped graphene (NDG) showed better activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtillis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus mutans (p ≤ 0.05), whereas there was no activity against Gram-negative strains in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilm inhibition was also improved with NDG compared to the standard ampicillin. NDG showed better results in both MCF-7 and Hela cell lines with IC50 of 27.15 µg/mL and 30.85 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, NDG has the best ability for use as a biomolecule, and research studies focusing on proteomics, metabolomics, and in vivo studies are needed to increase the impact of NDG in the drug and pharma industry.

A Green Approach by Employing Two Bacterial Strains(Streptococcus thermophilus) and (Bacillus coagulans) to Reduce Graphene Oxide

“…The (IR) peaks in the rGO spectra are naturally similar to those in GO; nevertheless, their intensities are much lower, suggesting the reduction of GO [57]. Additionally, IR spectra of rGO revealed the absence of oxygen groups in the GO structure, as shown in the fading of the peaks at 1735 as well as 1630 cm -1 and the drop in the strength of other peaks such as the peak at 3,440 cm -1 related to the O-H group, which supported the GO reduction [58]. Notably, the aromatic C=C group from the graphene sheet causes a peak in the last rGO spectra at 1585-1565 cm -1 , as shown in the current result at the peak 1577 cm -1 , which indicates that the carbon atoms are still maintaining their sp 2 hybridized structure as it was before in the GO spectrum [54,[59][60].…”

Antimicrobial, anticancer, and biofilm inhibition studies of highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG): In vitro and in silico analysis

“…Both ampicillin and gentamicin inhibit MRSA biofilm with higher concentrations of 200 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL in comparison to HRG, and concentration inverted microscopic results are included in Figure 9 . Graphene and materials made from it (GMs) showed a variety of antibacterial activities against viruses, fungi, and bacteria ( Alangari et al, 2022 ). The primary source of these effects is thought to be the direct physicochemical contact between GMs and bacteria, resulting in the fatal destruction of biological components, primarily proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids ( Mohammed et al, 2020 ).…”

Dimensional Optimization of Graphene-Modified Polymethyl Methacrylate Material Used as an Aesthetic Removable Partial Denture Clasp Material

“…[16][17][18]21 One method to incorporate graphene into polymers is the doping method. 20 It could manufacture computer-aided design-computer-aided machine (CAD-CAM) disks for digital dentistry applications. 22 The doping method is carried out either directly or as a post-treatment step.…”

“…17,18 Fortunately, graphene has antimicrobial properties. 19,20 This unique property encouraged researchers to study incorporating graphene into the dental application. Graphene has been used successfully as implant abutment, fixed prosthesis, restorative material, bone regeneration, and an adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding.…”