Assessment of plant development, morphology and flavonoid content in different cultivation treatments of Calendula officinalis L: , Asteraceae

Abstract

RESUMO:O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência dos tratos culturais no desenvolvimento vegetal, morfologia e teor de flavonóides para Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae. Os tratos culturais foram: calagem (CA), calagem + adubação orgânica (CAO) e calagem + adubação química NPK (CAQ). O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado com sessenta repetições e a comparação das médias realizada por ANOVA e teste de Duncan (significância de 95%). Os resultados apontam que CAO e CAQ apresentaram maior desenvolvimento vegetal comparados com tratamento CA. O tratamento CAO produziu ainda, plantas com maior homogeneidade, massa fresca e número de capítulos florais por planta, mas menor biomassa de flores produzidas por cada indivíduo. Observou-se também, variações morfoanatômicas com flores tubulares com centro amarelado (TCA) e tubulares com centro acastanhado (TAC) que produziram maior teor de flavonóides (1,41 e 1,44% respectivamente) comparadas com flores ligulares com centro amarelado (LCA) e ligulares com centro acastanhado (LAC) (0,89 e 0,95% respectivamente). Os compostos químicos nas flores de calêndula, visualizados por cromatografia em camada delgada, demonstraram que os tratamentos não têm influencia sobre o perfil químico qualitativo do vegetal. Entretanto, cultivares de calêndula submetidas ao tratamento CAQ produziram maior quantidade de flavonóides totais (1,14%) contra 1,04% do CAO e 1,03% de CA.Unitermos: Calendula officinalis, tratos culturais, desenvolvimento vegetal, teor de flavonóides. ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to examine the influence of cultivation treatments on plant development, morphology and flavonoid content in Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae. The cultivation treatments were liming (LIM), liming + organic fertilizer (LORG) and liming + NPK chemical fertilizer (LCHEM). The experiment was completely randomized with sixty repetitions and the means were compared by ANOVA and Duncan's test (significance of 95%). The results show that LORG and LCHEM produced greater plant development compared with LIM treatment. The LORG treatment also produced plants with greater homogeneity, fresh mass, and higher numbers of flowers per plant, but lower biomass of flower produced by each individual. Morphoanatomical variations were also observed with tubular flowers with yellow centres (TCA) and tubular flowers with brown centres (TAC) that produced a higher content of flavonoids (1.41 and 1.44% respectively), compared with ligulate flowers with yellow centres (LCA) and ligulate flowers with brown centres (LAC) (0.89 and 0.95% respectively). The chemical compounds in the flowers of calendula viewed by thin-layer chromatography showed that the treatments did not have any influence on the qualitative chemical profile of the plant. However, cultivars of calendula that underwent treatment LCHEM produced a greater quantity of total flavonoids (1.14%) against 1.04% for LORG and 1.03% for LIM.

Effects of earthworms and mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of the medicinal herb Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae)

“…Growth and quality of medicinal plants were shown to be strongly affected by soil conditions and amendments of earthworm-worked compost (vermicompost) and other composts increased the growth and flower production of Calendula (Contreras et al 1994, Paim et al 2010) and other ornamental plant species (Lazcano and Dominguez 2010). It remains to be investigated whether earthworms and/or AMF also evoke changes in the chemical quality of plants as observed for vermicompost for horticultural plants (Zaller 2007).…”

The effect of soil type and soil additives on the selected growth parameters and yield of flowerheads of Calendula officinalis L.

“…1a, b). Paim et al [22] also obtained the highest flowers number from the combination with the Liming+organic fertilizer, but on the other hand, the flowers obtained from the combination with Liming were larger. They noted that the analyzed treatments did not significantly influenced the flowers biomass.…”

“…The PRP SOL application led to a significant increase in the height of plants, as compared with the control group. In the Paim et al [22] study calendula plants positively react to liming. Authors obtained the tallest calendula plants (44.1 cm) when liming was applied in combination with an organic fertilizer.…”

“…al. [21] and Paim et al [22] also point to the fact that vegetative development in medicinal species is one of the factors that can reduce the amounts of active substances produced by a given species. The selection of cultivation treatments and fertilizers can decide that the species are able to produce greater quantities of active substances due to the fact that many nutrients contained in the fertilizer are found to be involved in secondary metabolic pathways [23].…”

Comparing of Cultivated Annual and Perennial Calendula officinalis L. Species

“…to have important effects on essential oil contents in C. officinalis flowers (Okoh et al, 2008). In studies on essential oil in different regions and conditions, it was found that essential oil contents in Calendula flowers varied between 0.04% and 0.97% (Okoh et al, 2007;Gazim et al, 2008;Alves Paim et al, 2010;Berimavandi et al, 2011;Khalid and Silva, 2012;Ourabia et al, 2019). The aforementioned studies were carried out in different regions, soil and climate conditions.…”