“…Egwuonwu, et al (2011), conducted a study on characterization of topsoil and groundwater at Challawa industrial area, Kano, and observed that, "untreated and inadequately treated effluents and solid wastes produced by the tannery and textile industrial processes are indiscriminately discharged to the surrounding lands and rivers, and that farmers in these areas use the water for the irrigating their farm lands". Adedokun, and Agunwamba (2015), reported that, "River Challawa is an important resource which supplies water for irrigation, drinking after treatment, agricultural and fishing activities". It was also reported that, self-purification processes in stream enables it to safely handle some wastewater discharges, however there is a limit to its assimilation capacity.…”