Assessment of prospective memory after stroke utilizing virtual reality

Abstract

Prospective Memory (PM) is the ability to remember to do something in the future. It is often impaired after stroke and can impact on an individual’s level of independence and daily functioning. PM tasks have been criticized for their lack of ecological validity wherein test results may not be related to actual performance in daily life. With ecological validity in mind, the Virtual Reality Prospective Memory Shopping Task (VRPMST) was designed to assess two types of PM, time- and event-based. This study aimed to examine the ecological and convergent validity of the VRPMST in comparison to an experimental (Lexical Decision PM Task) and clinical measure of PM (Cambridge PM Test). Twelve individuals with stroke and 12 controls were administered three PM measures, three neuropsychological measures, and two user-friendliness questionnaires, one for the experimental PM measure and one for the VRPMST. Individuals with stroke showed impairments in PM compared to controls on all three PM measures, particularly time-based PM. Individuals with stroke were found to monitor time significantly less than controls on both the experimental PM measure and the VRPMST. The VRPMST was found to be sensitive in measuring PM, have better ecological validity when compared to the experimental PM measure, and good convergent validity. The findings of this study have helped to clarify that PM impairment does exist after stroke, possibly due to a problem in strategic monitoring. In addition, we have demonstrated how VR technology can be used to design a measure of cognitive function commonly impaired after stroke.

Visualization and Interaction Technologies in Serious and Exergames for Cognitive Assessment and Training: A Survey on Available Solutions and Their Validation

“…As participants could suffer from visual and hearing problems or have troubles with atten- tion, visual scenes have to be as simple as possible and search space should be reduced. During gameplay, simple and immediate data as a countdown timer, the number of remained chances to guess an answer, the current score or achieved goals are often shown to incentive the subject to answer as quickly and accurately as possible [3], [14], [17], [19], [20], [22], [24], [26], [28]- [31], [33], [38]- [41], [44], [49], [50], [52], [53], [71], [72], [79], [83], [96], [97], [99], [100], [106], [109], [115], [120], [124], [125], [130]- [132], [137], [138], [142], [150], [161], [164], [179], [191], [209], [211], [212], [231],…”

“…Authors frequently do not explicitly share information about the availability of raw data and applications used, though this would be very important for the research community and for the medical doctors. Dataset is sometimes made explicitly available online [49], [214] or from the corresponding author on reasonable request because of privacy policies, ethical or proprietary constraints [10], [15], [19], [23], [30], [34], [44], [59], [77], [79], [107], [109], [112], [114], [120], [136], [152], [173], [175], [208], [213], [215], [217]. Moreover, excluding commercial and proprietary applications, we can still find free download [64], [80], [99], [122], [184], open source [77] and freely accessible Web applications [21], [30], [106].…”

The effects of implementation intentions on prospective memory in young and older adults

“…This task was developed based on Einstein and McDaniel (1990)'s dual-task paradigm for the near-transfer task, and adapted from Hogan et al (2021). Participants were presented with letter strings, and participants judged whether they are words or non-words as the ongoing task (pressing "F" for words, and "J" for non-words).…”

The impact of using implementation intentions as task instructions on prospective memory performance after stroke

“…While some previous research has investigated the positive impact implementation intentions have on real-life PM examples post-stroke (i.e., medication adherence post-stroke; O'Carroll, Chambers, Dennis, Sudlow, & Johnston, 2013), there is a lack of research that evaluates the impact implementation intentions have on PM performance post-stroke. PM may be impaired after stroke due to poor monitoring abilities (Hogan, Cornwell, Fleming, Man et al, 2021). By increasing the level of planning through implementation intentions in the intention formation stage of PM, it is suggested that fewer cognitive resources would be needed to monitor for PM cues, as it should be more automatic.…”

“…Detailed design and scoring information can be found in Hogan et al (2021). The VRPMST features an ongoing shopping task (scored out of 12), two event-based PM tasks (collect a receipt after purchasing a food item and asking the security guard if they have found your lost glasses scored out of 8), a time-based PM task (check heart rate every three minutes and scored out of 12), and time monitoring measured as the number of clock checks.…”