Assessment of Radiation Dose from the Consumption of Bottled Drinking Water in Japan

Kinahan, Aoife; Hosoda, Masahiro; Kelleher, Kevin; Tsujiguchi, Takakiyo; Tokonami, Shinji; Currivan, L.; Vintró, Luis León

doi:10.3390/ijerph17144992

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The annual effective dose for 222 Rn and 226 Ra was estimated from the following equation, assuming that the spring water is consumed daily as drinking water [27,28]:…”

Section: Dose Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

222Rn and 226Ra Concentrations in Spring Water and Their Dose Assessment Due to Ingestion Intake

Yamada

Hosoda

Tabe

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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222Rn and 226Ra concentrations of less than a few to several thousands of Bq L−1 have been observed in several underground bodies of water around the world. Although regulations for these concentrations in water have been implemented internationally, there are currently no regulations in place in Japan. However, concentrations that exceed these internationally recognized regulatory values have also been observed in Japan. In this study, concentrations in spring water in the northern part of Japan were measured and the effective dose from intake of the water was evaluated. 222Rn concentrations were measured using a liquid scintillation counter, and 226Ra concentrations were measured using a high purity germanium detector after chemical preparation. The measured 222Rn concentrations (=12.7 ± 6.1 Bq L−1) and 226Ra concentrations (<0.019–0.022 Bq L−1) did not exceed the reference values set by international and European/American organizations. A conservative estimate of the annual effective ingestion dose of 8 μSv for 222Rn and 226Ra obtained in this study is much smaller than the estimated overall annual effective dose of 2.2 mSv from natural radiation to the Japanese population. However, this dosage accounts for 8% of the WHO individual dosing criteria of 0.1 mSv/year for drinking water.

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“…The annual effective dose for 222 Rn and 226 Ra was estimated from the following equation, assuming that the spring water is consumed daily as drinking water [27,28]:…”

Section: Dose Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

222Rn and 226Ra Concentrations in Spring Water and Their Dose Assessment Due to Ingestion Intake

Yamada

Hosoda

Tabe

et al. 2022

IJERPH

Self Cite

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“…When the literature is viewed from this point of view, it is seen that, in recent years, there has been an increased worldwide interest in studies on natural radioactivity measurements in BMWs and extensive studies have been carried out in many countries. 2 − 5 , 10 , 11 , 20 − 24 The available literature shows that there are only a few studies on the determination of activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in Turkish BMWs. Kopya et al 25 measured the activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 137 Cs, and 40 K and gross α/β in 13 mineral water samples collected from six different provinces in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, BMW may contain many predominant dissolved natural radionuclides that cause health hazards. , Therefore, the radiological quality of mineral water bottled for commercial distribution, whose consumption is increasing year after year in the world, must be carefully and systematically controlled or ensured to be of low radioactivity. When the literature is viewed from this point of view, it is seen that, in recent years, there has been an increased worldwide interest in studies on natural radioactivity measurements in BMWs and extensive studies have been carried out in many countries. − ,,,− The available literature shows that there are only a few studies on the determination of activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in Turkish BMWs. Kopya et al measured the activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 137 Cs, and 40 K and gross α/β in 13 mineral water samples collected from six different provinces in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Radionuclides in Bottled Mineral Waters Consumed in Turkey and Their Contribution to Radiation Dose

et al. 2022

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Bottled natural mineral water (BMW) consumption in Turkey is increasing every year. Depending on the local geology from which the water is extracted, BMW could be enhanced with natural radionuclides. In this study, the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in 58 BMW samples of 25 different brands marketed in Turkey were measured using a γ-ray spectrometer with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The average activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 40 K in BMW samples were found as 0.4, 0.5, and 4.3 Bq/L, respectively. The activity concentrations of 228 Ra exceeded the WHO-recommended maximum permissible limit of 0.1 Bq/L for drinking water. The annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (LCR) caused by the ingestion of each BMW sample were estimated for adults to assess radiological risks using two different scenarios based on BMW consumption rates (150 and 13 L/y). All estimated total AEDs, except for two samples, were below the guidance dose level of 100 μSv/y recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Turkish regulations for drinking water. For all BMW brands, 228 Ra was found as the main contributor to the AEDs. The LCR values were lower than the acceptable value of 10 –3 for radiological risks.

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“…Long-lived isotopes that can pose a threat to human health and life are particularly important. They also have an impact on the effective dose that a person receives as a result of their consumption with water [34,35]. Each country has legal regulations regarding radiological requirements that water should meet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides Concentration in Selected Mineral Waters Available on the Polish Market

2022

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This research examined samples of mineral water available on the Polish market. The contents of radionuclides in 12 samples of water were determined: cesium 137Cs, thorium 232Th, potassium 40K, and radium 226Ra; and heavy metals: zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, cadmium, and mercury. Spectrometric analysis showed the presence of a 232Th track in one sample (Franciszek water) with a concentration of 2.4 ± 2.1 mBq/L above the LLD (low limit of detection); 40K potassium was detected in all samples. In the case of radium 226Ra, its presence above the detection threshold was found in nine water samples. No artificial element 137Cs was found in the mineral waters. The tests showed the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb) present in the waters. The limit values are specified by the Ministry of Health Regulation. Copper, cadmium, and chromium did not exceed the permissible values. In the case of nickel, the normalized values (20 μg/L) were exceeded in only two waters: Słotwinka and Józefowianka. Only in the Amita water did we find that the value of 1.0 μg/L was exceeded. The concentration of zinc, for which no limit is set in the regulation, was the highest, ranging from 287 to 1.30 μg/L. The greatest threat to people drinking the studied mineral waters is lead, which in eight waters exceeded the permissible value of 10 μg/L.

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Assessment of Radiation Dose from the Consumption of Bottled Drinking Water in Japan

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

222Rn and 226Ra Concentrations in Spring Water and Their Dose Assessment Due to Ingestion Intake

222Rn and 226Ra Concentrations in Spring Water and Their Dose Assessment Due to Ingestion Intake

Natural Radionuclides in Bottled Mineral Waters Consumed in Turkey and Their Contribution to Radiation Dose

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides Concentration in Selected Mineral Waters Available on the Polish Market

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