Assessment of rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Stressor and symptom dimensions.

Resnick, Heidi S.; Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Lipovsky, Julie A.

doi:10.1037/1040-3590.3.4.561

Cited by 88 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Because many of these traumatic events are related to psychological distress and PTSD (Resnick et al, 1993;Resnick, Kilpatrick, & Lipovsky, 1991), this measure was scored as the summed number of events experienced by each respondent (excluding adult and child sexual assault, which were already assessed by the SES). Respondents were also asked if they reported the same incident under more than one item.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial correlates of PTSD symptom severity in sexual assault survivors

Ullman

Filipas

Townsend

et al. 2007

Journal of Traumatic Stress

228

231

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This study's goal was to assess the effects of preassault, assault, and postassault psychosocial factors on current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of sexual assault survivors. An ethnically diverse sample of over 600 female sexual assault survivors was recruited from college, community, and mental health agency sources (response rate = 90%). Regression analyses tested the hypothesis that postassault psychosocial variables, including survivors' responses to rape and social reactions from support providers, would be stronger correlates of PTSD symptom severity than preassault or assault characteristics. As expected, few demographic or assault characteristics predicted symptoms, whereas trauma histories, perceived life threat during the assault, postassault characterological self-blame, avoidance coping, and negative social reactions from others were all related to greater PTSD symptom severity. The only protective factor was survivors' perception that they had greater control over their recovery process in the present, which predicted fewer symptoms. Recommendations for intervention and treatment with sexual assault survivors are discussed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial correlates of PTSD symptom severity in sexual assault survivors

Ullman

Filipas

Townsend

et al. 2007

Journal of Traumatic Stress

228

231

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, several studies have indicated that individuals with PTSD show greater physiological arousal on exposure to trauma reminders than do traumatized individuals without PTSD . Several authors (Malloy et al, 1983;Newman, Kaloupek, & Keane, 1996;Pitman & Orr, 1993;Resnick, Kilpatrick, & Lipovsky, 1991) have recommended incorporating psychophysiological and behavioral forms of assessment into the evaluation of PTSD. Future investigations of sex differences along these response channels may help clarify whether the relatively low rates of self-reported fear in traumatized male participants accurately reflect differences in experienced fear.…”

Section: Methodological Limitations In the Assessment Of Sex Differenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research.

Tolin¹,

Foa²

2008

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

384

295

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Meta-analyses of studies yielding sex-specific risk of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicated that female participants were more likely than male participants to meet criteria for PTSD, although they were less likely to experience PTEs. Female participants were more likely than male participants to experience sexual assault and child sexual abuse, but less likely to experience accidents, nonsexual assaults, witnessing death or injury, disaster or fire, and combat or war. Among victims of specific PTEs (excluding sexual assault or abuse), female participants exhibited greater PTSD. Thus, sex differences in risk of exposure to particular types of PTE can only partially account for the differential PTSD risk in male and female participants.

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“…Because many of these traumatic events are related to psychological distress and PTSD (Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993;Resnick, Kilpatrick, & Lipovsky, 1991), this measure was scored as the summed number of events experienced by each respondent (excluding adult and child sexual assault, which were already assessed by the SES). Respondents were also asked if they reported the same incident under more than one item.…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Relationships of Women's Sexual Assault Disclosure, Social Reactions, and Problem Drinking

Ullman

Starzynski

Long

et al. 2008

J Interpers Violence

105

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The goal of this exploratory study was to examine correlates of sexual assault disclosure and social reactions in female victims with and without drinking problems. An ethnically diverse sample of sexual assault survivors was recruited from college, community, and mental health agencies. Ethnic minority women were less likely to disclose assault, and women with a greater number of traumatic life events disclosed assault more often. Although there were no differences in disclosure likelihood by drinking status; of those disclosing, problem drinkers told more support sources and received more negative and positive social reactions than nonproblem drinkers. Correlates of receiving negative social reactions were similar for normal and problem drinkers; however, negative social reactions to assault disclosure were related to more problem drinking for women with less frequent social interaction. Implications for future research and possible support interventions with problem-drinking victims are provided. Keywordswomen; sexual assault; disclosure; social reactions; problem drinking Research shows that sexual assault is related to a higher risk of problem drinking in women (Burnam et al., 1988;Kilpatrick, Acierno, Resnick, Saunders, & Best, 1997;Wilsnack, Vogeltanz, Klassen, & Harris, 1997). According to Wekerle and Hall's (2002) literature review, 49% to 75% of women with addiction problems have histories of sexual victimization. Social support appears to be an important resource for women who experience sexual assault as well as for women with drinking problems (Timko, Finney, & Moos, 2005;Ullman, 1999). Social support may help sexual assault victims recover from their assaults (Ullman, 1999) and may be related to fewer drinking problems in general samples of women, although results are mixed (Cooper, Frone, Russell, & Peirce, 1997;Green, Freeborn, & Polen, 2001;Peirce, Frone, Russell, Cooper, & Mudar, 2000;Timko et al., 2005). Unfortunately, little research has explored possible social factors that may improve our understanding of these relationships and provide guidance for developing interventions with problem-drinking female victims.To provide background in these areas of research, we first review past studies on (a) correlates of sexual assault disclosure, (b) correlates of social reactions to assault disclosure, and (c) social support and women's drinking. Given that both problem drinking (Blume, 1991) and sexual assault (Davis, Brickman, & Baker, 1991;Ullman, 1996b) are stigmatized in women (Imhof, 1996), it is important to understand how these problems interrelate to provide better treatment and intervention for victims depending on their drinking histories. Therefore, after reviewing past research, we discuss how these areas may be brought together and present results from an exploratory study of the relationships of disclosure, social support, and drinking in a large sample of female victims. NIH Public Access Correlates of Sexual Assault DisclosureAlthough most research has focused on correlates o...

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Assessment of rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Stressor and symptom dimensions.

Cited by 88 publications

References 53 publications

Psychosocial correlates of PTSD symptom severity in sexual assault survivors

Psychosocial correlates of PTSD symptom severity in sexual assault survivors

Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research.

Exploring the Relationships of Women's Sexual Assault Disclosure, Social Reactions, and Problem Drinking

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