Assessment of reservoir temperatures of thermal springs of the northern areas of Pakistan by chemical and isotope geothermometry

Ahmad, M.; Akram, Waheed; Ahmad, Niaz; Tasneem, M.A.; Rafiq, Muhammad; Latif, Zahid

doi:10.1016/s0375-6505(02)00009-3

Cited by 45 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The past few decades have witnessed an unprecedented resurgence of interest in thermal springs, mostly due to a diversi fication in their utilisation (Christopher and Armstead, 1978;Samsudin et al, 1997;Ahmad et al, 2002;Arnórsson et al, 2002;Gemici et al, 2003;Dotsika et al, 2006). The most important of these is for the production of geothermal energy (Mock, 1993;Vimmerstedt, 1998;Bahati, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and chemical characteristics of thermal springs in the Waterberg area in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Olivier

Niekerk

Walt

2019

WSA

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The Limpopo Province in South Africa is richly endowed with thermal springs. Some have been developed for recreational, tourism or other purposes, while a number remain completely undeveloped. If the full economic potential of springs can be realised in a sustainable manner, they could make a substantial contribution to the local or even regional economy. The optimal use of a thermal spring is largely dependent upon its physical and chemical characteristics. This article focuses on the temperature and chemical features of 8 selected thermal springs located in the southern (Waterberg) region of the Limpopo Province, namely Warmbaths, Loubad, Vischgat, Die Oog, Rhemardo, Lekkerrus, Libertas and Buffelshoek. All of these springs are of meteoric origin, with water temperatures ranging from 30°C to 52°C. The mineral composition of the thermal waters reflects the geological formations found at the depth of origin. Changes in land use that occurred over the past few decades have apparently had no impact on the physical and chemical properties of the thermal spring waters. This effect may, however, become evident at a later stage due to a time lag in the migration of contaminants. The fluoride concentration of water from seven of the eight springs (all except Loubad) does not conform to domestic water quality guidelines and makes the water unfit for human consumption. Unacceptably high values of mercury were detected at Libertas. It is recommended that strict monitoring of the concentration of fluoride and other potentially harmful elements should be mandatory whenever the thermal spring water is used for bottling, domestic or full-contact recreational purposes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and chemical characteristics of thermal springs in the Waterberg area in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Olivier

Niekerk

Walt

2019

WSA

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“…Therefore, the geothermal water flow and heat transport of a geothermal water system are very complicated and should be considered as a coupling system. Most researches emphasized particularly on theoretical analysis and discussion about the cause of the geothermal water resources formation based on the tectonics and geology [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical modeling of geothermal groundwater flow in karst aquifer system in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China

Yang

et al. 2007

SCI CHINA SER D

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The quantitative assessment of geothermal water resources is important to the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. In the geothermal water systems the density of groundwater changes with the temperature, therefore the variations in hydraulic heads and temperatures are very complicated. A three-dimensional density-dependent model coupling the groundwater flow and heat transport is established and used to simulate the geothermal water flow in the karst aquifers in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China. The multilayered karst aquifer system in the study area is cut by some major faults which control the regional groundwater flow. In order to calibrate and simulate the effect of the major faults, each fault is discretized as a belt of elements with special hydrological parameters in the numerical model. The groundwater dating data are used to be integrated with the groundwater flow pattern and calibrate the model. Simulation results show that the calculated hydraulic heads and temperature fit with the observed data well. geothermal water, numerical modeling, fault, karst aquifer system, Weibei of Shaanxi Province

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“…The mean annual potential evaporation ranges from 85 cm in the north of the study area, to 130 cm in the Peshawar basin. Snowfall occurs in the mountainous north during the cold months of December-February when minimum temperature is several degrees celsius below the freezing point (Ahmad et al 2002).…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical signatures of deep groundwater circulation in a part of the Himalayan foreland basin

2009

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Groundwater samples were analyzed from 71 springs and wells as part of a larger study in a region of compressional tectonic regime. The study site covers the Peshawar basin and surroundings in the Himalayan foreland of Pakistan. The northern portion is mountainous and the water table is discontinuous in different intermontane valleys, with abundant springs (with normal and anomalous temperatures and composition). The southern part is divided into isolated basins with a number of drilled (''deep'') and dug (''shallow'') wells. Hydrochemical signatures of elevated strontium (Sr), SiO 2 , boron (B)-and the geothermometric signatures-all indicate a deep circulation of the emerging groundwater. Moreover, for several of the sample sites, water chemical compositions, measured spring and water well temperatures, and reservoir temperatures calculated for spring waters, all point to origin from deep horizons within the basin. Remarkable proximity of all the thermal and hydrochemical anomalies to major faults suggests that the waters ascended along these faults from greater depths. The area is a natural western extension of the Himalayan Geothermal Belt described in earlier literature for the eastern and central Himalayas.

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Assessment of reservoir temperatures of thermal springs of the northern areas of Pakistan by chemical and isotope geothermometry

Cited by 45 publications

References 13 publications

Physical and chemical characteristics of thermal springs in the Waterberg area in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Physical and chemical characteristics of thermal springs in the Waterberg area in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Numerical modeling of geothermal groundwater flow in karst aquifer system in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China

Hydrochemical signatures of deep groundwater circulation in a part of the Himalayan foreland basin

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