Assessment of Retrospective and Current Substance Use in Women Who Inject Drugs in Low-Income Urban Settings in Kenya

Abstract

Women who inject drugs (WWIDs) continue to experience challenges that accumulate their risk to HIV transmission and other co-morbidities. However, data that conceptually link diverse substance use dimensions in WWIDs are lacking particularly in developing countries. We assessed retrospective and current substance use among 306 WWIDs in low-income urban settings in Kenya using mixed methods. Descriptive analyses were performed on quantitative data while qualitative narratives revealed insights from quantitative findings. The mean age of the study participants was 17 (range 11, 30) years. Out of the 306 WWIDs 57% commenced with substance use by combining both licit and illicit drugs. Intimate sexual partners including spouses and casual sex partners introduced seventy-four percent of WWIDs to substance use. Majority of the WWIDs (39.9%) commenced with 2way substance combination with bhang and cigarette having the highest usage. However, 4-way substance combinations containing heroin, cigarette, bhang, valium, Rohypnol had the highest frequency (12.8%) at the time of the survey. Varied routes of heroin administration were mentioned including injection, smoking and sniffing as separate routes and as 2-way or 3-way mode combinations of these. To inform policies targeting the health and rights of girls and women in low income settings, this study recommends urgent upstream policies targeting the girl adolescent life in form of a multifunctional package composed of identifying girls at risk, substance use interventions, sexual health education, improved educational attainment, and progressive social policies that target low social economic status in the adolescent phase. Harm reduction programs in Kenya should target people who use heroin through both injection and non-injection modes of administration.

Us for us: reflections of a journey by people who use drugs in East Africa to shape HIV, hepatitis and other relevant health policies

“…Since that time, OSF has supported 11 organizations to implement harm reduction work in Kenya. Nine were non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) employing peer‐led approaches to enhance access to harm reduction services and support access to justice for people who use drugs, including through differentiated approaches to ensure gender equity; and two were government agencies working on drug control and HIV prevention [5,6]. Other key areas of work funded by OSF in which people who use drugs have had leadership roles [1] include targeted economic empowerment for the community and training and awareness‐raising initiatives among law enforcement staff as a way to better safeguard the safety and security of people who use drugs [7‐9].…”

Challenges facing harm reduction interventions in the era of COVID-19 in Africa

“…Majority of PWUDs are long-term smokers of licit and illicit drugs that over time lead to weak respiratory systems (i.e. reduced respiratory reserve volume), the target body system for COVID-19 [4] . Besides, PWUDs generally and frequently contend with malnutrition which is likely to be an underlying risk factor for COVID-19 fatality.…”