Assessment of Rice Residues as Potential Energy Source in Pakistan

Abstract

Pakistan produces enormous quantity of biomass wastes for example rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH), wheat straw, and other biomass wastes that are being burned in the field after crop harvest to prepare the land for next crop. Biomass is known as potential energy source which can be effectively utilized as an alternative to fossil fuels. This study aims to assess the energy potential and gaseous pollutant emissions from rice residues such as RS and RH. The Energy potential of crop residues in Pakistan was obtained by considering the residual characteristics like residue to crop product ratio, moisture level and lower heating value of dry biomass was obtained from the South Asian countries. The mathematical models were defined for the assessment of amount of residues, available energy potential and emissions of gaseous pollutants. The estimated amount of rice residues is 10147.65 thousand tons dry biomass. The theoretical and available energy potential of the rice residues were estimated as 159219TJ, and 100,431TJ respectively. Based on dry matter fraction and proportion of crop residue burnt, the total amount of crop residue burnt for RS and RH were 1356.38 thousand tons and 307.7 thousand tons respectively. Total emissions from burning of rice residues were 1749.59, 27.639, 2.432, 1.265, 4.997, and 0.549 Gg for CO₂, CO, NO, NO₂, NOx, and SO₂ respectively. It was concluded that the crop residues generated in Pakistan can be effectively utilized as an alternative energy source, to reduce demand supply gap, reliance on fossils fuels and lower contribution in global warming.

Analysis of metal concentration, performance and noise emissions of the CI engine

“…From the results, it has been found that the metal concentration of biodiesel blended fuel B30 is lower than that of diesel fuel D100. This is due to the maximum lubricity present in biodiesel-blended fuel (Memon, 2022). The average percentage is Mn (17.89%), respectively.…”

“…On average, there is a notable reduction of 58.2% in the Fe wear concentration within the biodiesel blend. Several engine components, including the gearbox, piston rings, bearings, cylinder liners, and camshaft, contribute to the metal concentration in the lubricant oil (Memon, 2022).…”

Towards Achieving 100% Renewable Energy Supply for Sustainable Climate Change in Pakistan

“…Families use about 2300 Kg of firewood each year, 1200 Kg of crop waste, and 1500 Kg of manure. The author of [54] claims that the traditional way of resource use creates gases that are hazardous to human health, and this method is 25% less efficient. Along with other countries such as the United States, Germany, and Denmark, Pakistan's AEDB has examined the possibilities of bagasse and waste for electricity generation in Pakistan [55].…”

Exogenous application of salicylic acid ameliorates salinity stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

“…Pakistan has ability to produce barley is gradually declining because of inadequate soil fertility, degraded soil health, and environmental stressors. Pakistan produced 67,000 tonnes in 2014, but in 2019 and 2020 that number declined to 63,000 tonnes [ 3 , 4 ]. The World Food Organization (FAO) reported that almost 47 million hectares of land are under barley cultivation worldwide, with a mean annual production of 31,000 kg per hectare.…”