Assessment of salivary interleukin-1β (IL-1β), prostaglandin E₂(PGE₂) levels and pain intensity in children and adults during initial orthodontic treatment

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:To investigate pain intensity, interleukin-1β and prostaglandin E2 values in saliva during initial orthodontic treatment among varying age groups and their correlation between these mediators.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty healthy patients distributed equally in age and gender groups were chosen. Unstimulated saliva was collected before the placement of orthodontic fixed appliance (T0), 1 hour after the placement of the appliance with 0.014” nickel titanium archwire (T1), 1 month after the first visit (T2), and 1 hour after the placement of 0.016” nickel titanium archwire (T3). The saliva samples were then analyzed for prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1β using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pain intensity was measured using a numerical rating scale.RESULTS:Prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1β levels had increased at T1 followed by a drop at T2 and a subsequent increase at T3. The prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1β levels were higher in adults than children. There was an insignificant correlation between the interleukin-1β and prostaglandin E2 changes in all the patients. No significant differences were seen in pain scores between adults and children. Insignificant correlation was seen between pain scores and prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1β.CONCLUSION:Prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1β can be detected in saliva and are increased in during the initial orthodontic treatment but are higher in adults than children. Pain intensity was not significantly different between adults and children.

Psychological symptoms and salivary inflammatory biomarkers in patients with dentofacial deformities: a case–control study

“…Of particular interest, the IL-1β levels were significantly higher (+ 70%) in the test group with dentofacial deformities. It was previously demonstrated that the control patients displayed detectable salivary levels of IL-1β, and the orthodontic forces might drive an upregulation of this cytokine 14 , 30 , corroborating with the present investigation. The elevated IL-1β salivary levels in the test group might be attributed to the social context, or to the oral function disabilities that were observed in these patients.…”

“…This was because the patients in preparation for an orthognathic correction (considered here as the test group) were using an orthodontic device. This criterion was fundamental because orthodontic treatment has been previously correlated with salivary changes of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 and IL-1β 14 . Furthermore, the control group participants' sociodemographic features were similar to those seen in the test individuals undergoing OS, showing homogeneity of the study sample, regarding age, sex, BMI, educational level, ethnicity, and socioeconomic aspects, as well as the self-reported sleep quality, oral health status, and physical activity habits.…”

A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Slot Size on Pain and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in Orthodontics during the First Month of Treatment with Conventional and Low-Friction Brackets

“…These results are in line with those of other studies [4,6,19,20,22,23]. This can be understood in terms of the synthesis of various biochemical mediators (such as cytokines and prostaglandins) relative to hyperalgesia, with peaks occurring 24 h after applying force to the teeth [24,25]. Seven days after starting treatment, we observed that the level of pain decreased until reaching minimum values.…”

Immune Tolerance in the Oral Mucosa

“…In addition to cytokines, OECs release soluble molecules that could potentially contribute to maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis. OECs express the enzymes cyclooxygenases (COXs) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO), which are responsible for the synthesis of the immunomodulatory molecules PGE2 and kynurenines, respectively [64,65]. In fact, OECs secrete PGE2 and contribute to the maintenance of its concentration in saliva under physiological conditions (100 pg/mL) [65,66].…”

“…OECs express the enzymes cyclooxygenases (COXs) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO), which are responsible for the synthesis of the immunomodulatory molecules PGE2 and kynurenines, respectively [64,65]. In fact, OECs secrete PGE2 and contribute to the maintenance of its concentration in saliva under physiological conditions (100 pg/mL) [65,66]. PGE2 is the most abundant prostanoid in the human body, and its pro-inflammatory effect is well known.…”