Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection 1 Year After Primary Infection in a Population in Lombardy, Italy

Vitale, Josè; Mumoli, Nicola; Clerici, Pierangelo; Paschale, Massimo De; Evangelista, Isabella; Cei, Marco; Mazzone, Antonino

doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2959

Cited by 145 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Prolonged viral replication in immunocompromised hosts may favor the generation and selection of nAb escape mutants, which in turn drives Ab affinity maturation and eventually enhanced neutralization breadth and potency [ 223 ]. In humans, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and anti-spike Ab seropositivity significantly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection [ 215 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 ], which is in line with vaccination outcome analyses [ 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 ] altogether implying that SARS-CoV-2 binding and/or nAbs exert protective effects. Consequently, neutralization levels have been found highly predictive of immune protection with seven current vaccines and in convalescent cohorts, and provide an evidence-based model of SARS-CoV-2 immune protection [ 237 ].…”

Section: Humoral Immune Responsessupporting

confidence: 61%

SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

2021

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SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale, causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses’ structural and functional characteristics, delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.

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Section: Humoral Immune Responsessupporting

confidence: 61%

SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

2021

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“…Long-lived bone marrow plasma cells speci c to SARS-CoV-2 have been detected in the bone marrow of recovered COVID-19 patients, serving as a persistent and essential source of antibodies [27]. A clinical study showed that reinfection was rare 1 year after primary infection, likely due to the protective effect of natural infection [28]. Nevertheless, there are limited data on whether protective immunity induced by natural infection with one strain of SARS-CoV-2 can confer cross-protection against variants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Specific IgG Response to SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein in Recovered COVID-19 Patients

Chansaenroj

Yorsaeng

Posuwan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This study monitored the long-term immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection in patients who had recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. Anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulin G (anti-N IgG) titer in serum samples collected at a single (N=302) or multiple time points (N=229) 3–12 months after COVID-19 symptom onset or SARS-CoV-2 detection in respiratory specimens was measured by semiquantitative chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The 531 patients (966 specimens) were classified according to the presence or absence of pneumonia symptoms. Anti‑N IgG was detected in 87.5% of patients (328/375) at 3 months, 38.6% (93/241) at 6 months, 23.7% (49/207) at 9 months, and 26.6% (38/143) at 12 months. The anti-N IgG seropositivity rate was significantly lower at 6, 9, and 12 months than at 3 months (P<0.01) and was higher in the pneumonia group than in the non-pneumonia/asymptomatic group at 6 months (P<0.01), 9 months (P=0.04), and 12 months (P=0.04). The rate started to decline 6–12 months after symptom onset. Anti-N IgG sample/cutoff index was positively correlated with age (r=0.192, P<0.01) but negatively correlated with interval between symptom onset and blood sampling (r=−0.567, P<0.01). These findings can guide vaccine strategies in recovered COVID-19 patients.

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“…Recommended bibliography: [61][62][63][64][65] • SARS-CoV-2 reinfection remains an overall infrequent event.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Reinfection Vs No Reinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reassuring data have accrued since, with several works supporting humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 for at least 5-7 months [603,604] and immunological memory (especially T-cell mediated) for at least 6-8 months [605]. Epidemiological analyses have reported natural immunity protection from reinfection for at least 6-12 months [61,64,604,606,607]. Protection could go beyond these estimates because of the complexity and robustness of immune responses, though it is also acknowledged that the induction and durability of immune responses-both humoral and cellular-are heterogenous across individuals and may be shorter in some [608].…”

Section: Reinfection and Natural Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 false dichotomies and a comprehensive review of the evidence regarding public health, COVID-19 symptomatology, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mask wearing, and reinfection

et al. 2021

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Scientists across disciplines, policymakers, and journalists have voiced frustration at the unprecedented polarization and misinformation around coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several false dichotomies have been used to polarize debates while oversimplifying complex issues. In this comprehensive narrative review, we deconstruct six common COVID-19 false dichotomies, address the evidence on these topics, identify insights relevant to effective pandemic responses, and highlight knowledge gaps and uncertainties. The topics of this review are: 1) Health and lives vs. economy and livelihoods, 2) Indefinite lockdown vs. unlimited reopening, 3) Symptomatic vs. asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, 4) Droplet vs. aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, 5) Masks for all vs. no masking, and 6) SARS-CoV-2 reinfection vs. no reinfection. We discuss the importance of multidisciplinary integration (health, social, and physical sciences), multilayered approaches to reducing risk (“Emmentaler cheese model”), harm reduction, smart masking, relaxation of interventions, and context-sensitive policymaking for COVID-19 response plans. We also address the challenges in understanding the broad clinical presentation of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. These key issues of science and public health policy have been presented as false dichotomies during the pandemic. However, they are hardly binary, simple, or uniform, and therefore should not be framed as polar extremes. We urge a nuanced understanding of the science and caution against black-or-white messaging, all-or-nothing guidance, and one-size-fits-all approaches. There is a need for meaningful public health communication and science-informed policies that recognize shades of gray, uncertainties, local context, and social determinants of health.

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Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection 1 Year After Primary Infection in a Population in Lombardy, Italy

Abstract: This cohort study examines the rate of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among people in Lombardy, Italy, who previously recovered from COVID-19.

Cited by 145 publications

References 6 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

Long-term Specific IgG Response to SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein in Recovered COVID-19 Patients

COVID-19 false dichotomies and a comprehensive review of the evidence regarding public health, COVID-19 symptomatology, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mask wearing, and reinfection

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