Assessment of soils contamination with veterinary antibiotic residues in Northern Poland using developed MAE-SPE-LC/MS/MS methods

Abstract

Among the wide range of compounds reaching the soil are the veterinary antimicrobials. Since no regulations regarding acceptable levels of drug concentrations in the environment exist, monitoring tests, particularly concerning soils, are carried out very rarely. This study presents a preliminary assessment of the contamination of agricultural soils in Northern Poland with seven antimicrobial veterinary medicines which has never been carried out before. Veterinary drugs were detected in 54% of the examined soil samples; the most commonly detected drugs were sulfonamides and trimethoprim. The highest indicated concentrations refer to enrofloxacin (57.0 μg kg) and trimethoprim (47.8 μg kg). The presence of these target drugs in the soil environment confirms the need for further monitoring studies. The analytical methods developed in this study are an excellent tool to achieve this goal and allow an estimation of the risk connected with the presence of veterinary antimicrobials in soils.

Development of Carbon Nanotube/Graphene‐Based Alginate Interpenetrating Hydrogels for Removal of Antibiotic Pollutants

“…Antibiotics are critically important pharmaceuticals that are extensively used in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in both humans and animals [1] . However, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in various antibiotics being frequently detected in surface waters, [2] sediments [3] and biomes [4] around the world. High concentrations of antibiotics in an aquatic system can lead to decreased bacterial diversity, difficult development of fish embryos, and fully stopped growth of algae [5] .…”

Insights into the Fate and Removal of Antibiotics in Engineered Biological Treatment Systems: A Critical Review

“…Additionally, the direct disposal of unused or expired antibiotics in toilets/drains and in household/hospital solid wastes also contributes to the antibiotics load in the environment. − Thus, the principal sources of antibiotics in the environment include (i) sewage (treated/untreated), (ii) hospitals, (iii) livestock farms/operations (cattle, swine, and poultry), (iv) aquaculture farms, and (v) pharmaceutical industries. Various groups of antibiotics have been frequently detected in the effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants, , secondary sludge and biosolids, , surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and soil and sediments. , Occurrence of extremely high concentrations of antibiotics has been reported in the effluent from the antibiotics production facilities (oxytetracycline (OTC): 32.0 mg/L), livestock (swine) farms (OTC: 2.1 mg/L), hospitals (ciprofloxacin (CIP): 0.9 mg/L), and in municipal wastewater (CIP: 0.25 mg/L). − The highest concentration of sulfamethoxazole (SMX: 5.6 mg/L) in surface water in the vicinity of aquaculture farms (shrimp ponds) was reported . Residual antibiotics (mg/kg dry weight (wt)) were also detected in sewage sludge (ofloxacin (OFX): 15.1), animal (swine) manure (enrofloxacin (ENRX): 1420.7 and chlorotetracycline (CTC): 754.4), and manure-amended soils (CTC: 86.5). − The presence of antibiotics and their transformation products in the environment induces the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and genes (ARGs), which may pose serious risk to both human and animal health …”

“…Various groups of antibiotics have been frequently detected in the effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants, 2,19 secondary sludge and biosolids, 20,21 surface water, 22 groundwater, 23 drinking water, 24 and soil and sediments. 25,26 Occurrence of extremely high concentrations of antibiotics has been reported in the effluent from the antibiotics production facilities (oxytetracycline (OTC): 32.0 mg/L), livestock (swine) farms (OTC: 2.1 mg/L), hospitals (ciprofloxacin (CIP): 0.9 mg/L), and in municipal wastewater (CIP: 0.25 mg/L). 27−30 The highest concentration of sulfamethoxazole (SMX: 5.6 mg/L) in surface water in the vicinity of aquaculture farms (shrimp ponds) was reported.…”

Uptake of Pharmaceutical Pollutants and Their Metabolites from Soil Fertilized with Manure to Parsley Tissues

“…The contamination of agricultural soils in northern Poland with residues of selected FCs was also assessed. Selected FCs were present in 21 agricultural soil samples out of 39 tested, and the concentrations of SMX, MET, TRI, TYL, ENF ranged from 3.6 to 57 μg·kg −1 [ 18 ].…”