Assessment of Some Liver Enzymes of Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) And Tuberculosis (TB) Subjects In Parts Of Esan Land, Edo State
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Assessment of Some Micronutrients and Vitamins of HIV Positive Patients in South-South Nigeria
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection continues to be a serious health issue in most parts of the world, with a global prevalence of 0.7% among adults, the majority being in developing countries with limited healthcare resources. Objective: The objectives of this study was to determine the Iron, calcium, zinc, copper, Vitamins D and B12 of HIV positive subjects compared with the control, with respect to gender, age and with respect to duration of treatment. Materials: A total of fifty (50) HIV-positive subjects and fifty (50) HIV-negative subjects (control) were used in this study. Zinc, iron and calcium were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Vitamins D and B12 was done using ELISA, while calcium was estimated using O-cresolphthalein complexone method. The results were presented in tables and chart as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was done using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t-test using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the study population, 23 (46.0%) were males and 27 (54.0%) were females. With respect to age, 29 (58.0%) were aged 20 – 40 years, while 21 (42.0%) were aged 41 years and above. Based on treatment period, 28 (56.0%) were less than one year, while 22 (44.0%) were more than one year. Among the control subjects, 32 (64.0%) were males and 18 (36.0%) were females. With respect to age, 24 (48.0%) belonged to age group 20 – 40 years, while 26 (52.0%) belonged to age group 41 years and above. The results obtained showed that Calcium, zinc, copper, Iron, Vitamins B12 and D were significantly lower in HIV positive subjects compared with control (p<0.05). Calcium, Iron, Vitamins B12 and D were significantly lower (p<0.05) in age group 41 years and above in comparison with age group 20 – 40 years. Calcium, Iron, Vitamins B12 and D were significantly (p<0.05) higher in HIV positive subjects undergoing treatment for over a year compared with those undergoing treatment for less than one year. There was a significant positive correlation between Calcium and Iron (r=0.840, p=0.000), Calcium and Vitamin B12 (r=0.744, p=0.000), Calcium and Vitamin D (r=0.825, p=0.000), Iron and Vitamin B12 (r=0.743, p=0.000), Iron and Vitamin D (r=0.765, p=0.000) and Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D (r=0.562, p=0.000). Conclusion: The study concludes that the decrease in vitamins and micronutrients that accompanies HIV infection suggests a potentially important role of nutritional supplementation and good nutrition in the proper management of HIV/AIDS.
Assessment of Some Micronutrients and Vitamins of HIV Positive Patients in South-South Nigeria
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection continues to be a serious health issue in most parts of the world, with a global prevalence of 0.7% among adults, the majority being in developing countries with limited healthcare resources. Objective: The objectives of this study was to determine the Iron, calcium, zinc, copper, Vitamins D and B12 of HIV positive subjects compared with the control, with respect to gender, age and with respect to duration of treatment. Materials: A total of fifty (50) HIV-positive subjects and fifty (50) HIV-negative subjects (control) were used in this study. Zinc, iron and calcium were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Vitamins D and B12 was done using ELISA, while calcium was estimated using O-cresolphthalein complexone method. The results were presented in tables and chart as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was done using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t-test using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the study population, 23 (46.0%) were males and 27 (54.0%) were females. With respect to age, 29 (58.0%) were aged 20 – 40 years, while 21 (42.0%) were aged 41 years and above. Based on treatment period, 28 (56.0%) were less than one year, while 22 (44.0%) were more than one year. Among the control subjects, 32 (64.0%) were males and 18 (36.0%) were females. With respect to age, 24 (48.0%) belonged to age group 20 – 40 years, while 26 (52.0%) belonged to age group 41 years and above. The results obtained showed that Calcium, zinc, copper, Iron, Vitamins B12 and D were significantly lower in HIV positive subjects compared with control (p<0.05). Calcium, Iron, Vitamins B12 and D were significantly lower (p<0.05) in age group 41 years and above in comparison with age group 20 – 40 years. Calcium, Iron, Vitamins B12 and D were significantly (p<0.05) higher in HIV positive subjects undergoing treatment for over a year compared with those undergoing treatment for less than one year. There was a significant positive correlation between Calcium and Iron (r=0.840, p=0.000), Calcium and Vitamin B12 (r=0.744, p=0.000), Calcium and Vitamin D (r=0.825, p=0.000), Iron and Vitamin B12 (r=0.743, p=0.000), Iron and Vitamin D (r=0.765, p=0.000) and Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D (r=0.562, p=0.000). Conclusion: The study concludes that the decrease in vitamins and micronutrients that accompanies HIV infection suggests a potentially important role of nutritional supplementation and good nutrition in the proper management of HIV/AIDS.
Evaluation of the Effects of Petrochemical to Liver Enzymes of Fuel Attendants in Oluyole Area, Ibadan, Nigeria
Probability of adverse health to individuals along the distribution chain, especially fuel attendants. Petrochemical industries, including fuel stations, provide an exposure scenario that increases the vulnerability of front-line staff to gasoline-related ill-health as there are typically more than 150 chemicals in petrol, including small amounts of benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, hydrocarbons, cyanides, phenols, heavy metals, toluene and trace amounts of some contaminants, such as lead which are detrimental to the health of an individual. About 5mls of venous blood Samples were collected from 200 persons in Oluyole area, Ibadan. They were each given a questionnaire and an informed consent form to complete. Since 100 of them worked as fuel attendants at different filling stations, they were included in the case group. Among other things, their primary direct exposure sources were inhalation and skin contact. Since they don’t trade gasoline or work in the oil sector, the other 100 people were the control group. The requirements for inclusion included not having a history of chronic illnesses, such as hepatitis, diabetes, renal failure or blood problems, as well as not using any particular medications, smoking or drinking alcohol. The following parameters were measured after the samples were spun and separated: total protein, plasma albumin, globulin, aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Aslanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phospahatase (ALP). The blood was drawn for the laboratory tests in the morning. P<0.01 was seen for high ALT, AST and ALP, which were 86.3%, 111.4% and 88.5%, respectively. Additionally, there was a 37.2%, 37.8% and 36.4% (P<0.01) drop in Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin levels relative to the controls. This study demonstrated that subjects exposed to petrochemicals may experience liver alterations. However, petrochemicals including benzene and other compounds such as acetylaldehyde, formaldehyde which are components in the petrochemicals can lead to numerous toxic health effects associated with functional aberration of vital organs in the body such as the liver with a significant increase in the ALT, AST, ALP and a decrease in Total protein, Albumin and Globulin.
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