Assessment of stem cell viability in the initial healing period in rabbits with a cranial bone defect according to the type and form of scaffold

Abstract

Purpose Increased bone regeneration has been achieved through the use of stem cells in combination with graft material. However, the survival of transplanted stem cells remains a major concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at an early time point (24 hours) based on the type and form of the scaffold used, including type I collagen membrane and synthetic bone. Methods The stem cells were obtained from the periosteum of the otherwise healthy dental patients. Four symmetrical circular defects measuring 6 mm in diameter were made in New Zealand white rabbits using a trephine drill. The defects were grafted with 1) synthetic bone (β-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite [β-TCP/HA]) and 1×10 5 MSCs, 2) collagen membrane and 1×10 5 MSCs, 3) β-TCP/HA+collagen membrane and 1×10 5 MSCs, or 4) β-TCP/HA, a chipped collagen membrane and 1×10 5 MSCs. Cellular viability and the cell migration rate were analyzed. Results Cells were easily separated from the collagen membrane, but not from synthetic bone. The number of stem cells attached to synthetic bone in groups 1, 3, and 4 seemed to be similar. Cellular viability in group 2 was significantly higher than in the other groups ( P <0.05). The cell migration rate was highest in group 2, but this difference was not statistically significant ( P >0.05). Conclusions This study showed that stem cells can be applied when a membrane is used as a scaffold under no or minimal pressure. When space maintenance is needed, stem cells can be loaded onto synthetic bone with a chipped membrane to enhance the survival rate.

Fibroblast growth factor-4 maintains cellular viability while enhancing osteogenic differentiation of stem cell spheroids in part by regulating RUNX2 and BGLAP expression

“…Furthermore, FGF-4 produces synergistic effects in ectopic bone formation, which is induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (41). However, it should be noted that the optimal effective concentration of FGF-4 may differ due to differences in cell types, stage and passage of the cells, system model and duration of the culture (24,31). Thus, the observations of the present study may apply only to cells on the spheroid surface, but not for cells on the inside.…”

“…Mesenchymal stem cells have been reported to enhance bone regeneration by exerting auto or paracrine effects via the secretion of growth factors or direct differentiation into bone cells ( 30 ). Previous studies have revealed that mesenchymal stem cells are generally used with scaffolds ( 31 , 32 ). Furthermore, due to its osteogenic potential, a large number of dental studies have been performed based on the mesenchymal stem cell-loaded hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold ( 31 , 33 ).…”

Effects of platelet‑derived growth factor‑BB on cellular morphology and cellular viability of stem cell spheroids composed of bone‑marrow‑derived stem cells

“…The cells in the center of a spheroid may receive insufficient oxygen and nutrients and it is difficult to evaluate the actual conditions of the cells in the central area ( 27 , 28 ). Discrepancies in cellular viability between groups and times may result from culture conditions, interactions between the cells and the distribution of nutrients and waste ( 29 , 30 ).…”

Morphological stability, cellular viability and stem cell marker expression of three‑dimensional cultures of stem cells from bone marrow and periodontium

“…The viability of spheroids was qualitatively analyzed using a Live/Dead kit assay (Molecular Probes) on day 1( 17 ). Stem cell spheroids were cultured in α-minimal essential medium (α-MEM; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) containing 15% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), 200 mM L-Glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and 10 mM ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA).…”