Assessment of the Ameliorative Roles of Vitamins A, C and E on Morphometric Paramters of Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Exposed to Cadium Choride

Remediative roles of vitamins a, c and e on some growth parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings exposed to lead nitrate in semi-static system

“…The toxicant, Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (500g) analar grade was purchased from commercial chemical stores and stored in a cool dry condition throughout the period of the experiment. This toxicant was administered according to the sub-lethal concentrations of the treatments during the chronic phase of the exposure [2] .…”

“…It is also likely that the vitamin serves as a nutrient booster for the survival of the fish as evident in T 1 with the lowest concentration of the toxicant. In a related development, Samuel et al [2] reported how vitamin E ameliorated the effects of cadmium toxicant on Clarias gariepinus exposed to it but not as effective as the case of Pb toxicant probably because Cd was more deleterious. Trace elements (especially lead) in high concentration are naturally deleterious and are capable of eliciting myriads of physiological effects which are sometimes manifested physically.…”

“…It is known that apart from tilapia, Clarias is the most abundant cultivated fish species in Nigeria [1] . The common species found are Clarias gariepinus, Clarias anguillaris, Clarias buthupogon and Clarias lazera [2] . Trace elements are either essential or non-essential.…”