“…It is made up of a comprehensive collection of indicators that provide a standardized framework for monitoring and measuring land degradation and desertification, with an emphasis on characteristics such as soil, climate, vegetation, and management index [ 17 ]. The MEDALUS model has been successfully used to quantify land degradation and desertification risk in numerous studies [ 9 , 15 , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] ].…”