Assessment of the ecological and human health risks from metals in shrimp aquaculture environments in Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract

The occurrence and contamination level of seven important toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Zn) and three additional metals (Al, Fe, and Mn) in the water, sediment, and shrimp muscle in aquaculture areas located in Central Java, Indonesia, were investigated. The results suggest that the majority of metals have higher concentrations in the inlet followed by the outlet and ponds. Cd dissolved in the waters exhibited the highest level in Pekalongan (3.15 ± 0.33 μg L −1). Although Pb was not detected in the water, it was detected in the sediment, and the concentration ranged from 7.6 to 15.40 mg kg −1 dw. In general, the heavy metal concentrations in the sediments were found to decrease in the sequence Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Co > Pb.Concentrations below the effects range low level based on the Canadian sediment quality guidelines were found for Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, whereas moderate sediment pollution (25-75 mg kg −1 dw) was observed for Cr (all regions), Cu (except in the Pekalongan region), and Zn (Brebes and Tegal regions) according to the US EPA standard. The status of the waters was evaluated by calculating a pollution index derived mostly from Mn and Zn. The ecological risk (geoaccumulation index (I geo ), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (ERI)) determined in the sediments indicated that all studied areas had low to moderate contamination. The concentrations of all metals in shrimp were generally below the maximum limits for seafood, except for Zn (in all stations), Pb, and Cr (Tegal and Pekalongan). The hazard index values for metals indicated that consuming shrimp would not have adverse effects on human health.

20-Years Cumulative Impact From Shrimp Farming on Mangroves of Northeast Brazil

“…Notwithstanding, a key issue regarding metal accumulation and eventual harmful effects on mangrove biota depend on metal abundance and availability (Marchand et al, 2011;Lacerda et al, 2020). Unfortunately, no study to our knowledge has observed the effects of aquaculture derived trace metals on mangroves and this is an urgent necessity in view of the rapid expansion of the activity and the high metal-complexing capacity of dissolved C present in shrimp farming effluents (Lacerda et al, 2006a(Lacerda et al, ,b, 2011Hidayati et al, 2020).…”

NATIONAL DATABASE OF METAL IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM & INDONESIA

“…Harmesa et al (2021 reported that the Cd concentration in Dasun estuary, Rembang was relatively high, and the source was presumed to be waste from the batik industry. Pb concentration ranged from 7.6 to 15.40 mg kg −1 dw in shrimp aquaculture in Central Java and showed moderate contamination, according to the ecological risk (geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI)) determined in the sediments (Hidayati et al, 2020). The average Cd compositions ranged from 0.13 to 0.89 mg/kg, while the average Cr compositions ranged from 0.09 to 96.0 mg/kg, according to the studies.…”

Emerging contaminants detected in aquaculture sites in Java, Indonesia

“…Surface water samples were collected in August 2017 during the dry season at three different sites in each pond, i.e., the inlet, pond, and outlet. The inlet samples were collected before water entered the pond; the pond samples were collected inside the pond, while the outlet samples were collected from a site after the discharge gates (Hidayati et al, 2020). In the present study, we also collected water samples from 20 nonaquaculture sites.…”