Assessment of the Effects of Active Immunisation against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) using Decision-Analytic Models: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Vaccination Strategies, Modelling Methods and Input Data

Abstract

Background Several vaccine and antibody candidates are currently in development for the prevention of lower respiratory tract infections caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and SCOPUS and included model-based evaluations of RSV vaccinations. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and quality evaluation with EVIDEM. Cost-effectiveness (CE) estimates were converted to $US purchasing power parity (PPP), year 2018 values. Potential economic and epidemiological outcomes were summarised for maternal, infant, children, and elderly vaccinations. The PROSPERO identifier is CRD42019122570. Results In total, 22 model-based studies were reviewed. On average, a potential 27% reduction in RSV hospitalisations in infants was projected for maternal vaccination and 50% for direct infant immunisation. The CE of maternal vaccination was $US1766-5857 PPP 2018/disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (Gavi)-eligible countries. For England, the maximum cost-effective price of maternal vaccination was estimated at $US81.5 PPP 2018. Infant vaccination was associated with higher CE ratios in low-and high-income settings. Vaccination of neonates born before the RSV season was the most cost effective in high-income settings. Higher values for vaccine effectiveness, duration of protection, and vaccine uptake increased the benefits. Due to indirect effects, the vaccination of school-age children and a cocooning strategy were effective alternatives to protect infants, and the vaccination of children aged < 5 years had a beneficial impact on the elderly. Conclusion RSV vaccines with anticipated characteristics may reduce a sizeable proportion of the RSV burden. The results are subject to uncertainty because of the limited epidemiological and clinical data. Data on RSV incidence and hospitalisation risk for granular age strata should be prioritised to facilitate the evaluation of RSV interventions and decision making.

A Multivariate Age-Structured Stochastic Model with Immunization Strategies to Describe Bronchiolitis Dynamics

“…Table 1 shows the percentage of children in the age group 0–5 months that should be removed according to the specified values for the uptake and the efficacy parameters. These values are also in accordance with the assumptions made in some of the studies discussed in [ 27 ].…”

“…Systematic reviews of model-based evaluations of immunization strategies against RSV have been presented in [ 27 , 28 ]. Many of these studies use mathematical models based on ordinary differential equations (see, for instance, [ 17 , 29 , 30 ]).…”

Estimating RSV seasonality from pandemic disruptions: a modelling study

“…Several vaccine candidates and a long-lasting monoclonal antibody are undergoing trials in young infants, pregnant women or the elderly [5,6]. The optimal vaccination strategy depends on the efficacy and duration of immunity conferred [7]. Anticipating short-lived protection from immunisation, seasonal immunisation of infants before the onset of RSV season was estimated to be more cost-effective than year-round vaccination [6,8].…”

Cost of childhood RSV management and cost-effectiveness of RSV interventions: a systematic review from a low- and middle-income country perspective

“…No articles were excluded based on the risk of study biases or conflicts of interest. Of these 19 included studies, only 6 have been included in previously-conducted systematic reviews on economics of RSV [ 6 , 17 , 24 ]. This process is summarised in Fig.…”