“…Although not measured here, bacteria originating from the WWTP effluent most probably also induce immune responses such as phagocytosis in mussel haemocytes, as suggested by Canesi et al (2010); this could have further effects on the oxidative status since phagocytic reactions increase cellular ROS production targeted to kill the bacteria, and for that the antioxidant defense needs to be regulated accordingly, i.e., suppressed to ensure high levels of ROS in phagocytic cells and activated to scavenge the ROS afterwards (Philipp et al, 2012). For future work, inclusion of immunotoxicological biomarkers such as total/differential haemocyte counts, viability and phagocytosis activity would provide useful information on the effects of WWTP effluents on mussels (de los Rios et al, 2012;Höher et al, in preparation).…”