In many basins across the United
States, oil and gas (O&G)
wastewater high in alkaline earth metals (such as Ba, Sr, and Ca)
and radioactivity is discharged to surface waters. Freshwater mussels
have experienced high mortality rates downstream of O&G discharges
despite significant dilution. 87Sr/86Sr and
Sr/Ca measured in mussel soft tissue could prove to be an inexpensive,
efficient biomonitoring tool if tissue concentrations show O&G
produced water signatures similar to those of shells. O&G-derived 226Ra/228Ra has not previously been studied in freshwater
mussels. Additionally, accumulation of O&G-derived metals in mussel
tissue may impact bioaccumulation in higher-trophic level organisms.
A tank study using freshwater mussels (Elliptio complanata) was completed using Marcellus Shale-produced water diluted with
regional surface water to realistic dilution levels (100–600-fold
dilution). Results from the three-month study suggest Sr/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr robustly trace O&G pollution in mussel
soft tissue. The high-dose tank soft tissue average 87Sr/86Sr [0.709502 ± (7.68 × 10–5)]
was significantly more radiogenic than average control tank soft tissue
[0.706808 ± (4.23 × 10–5)]. Radium concentrations
in soft tissue were not significantly different between tanks. Changes
in the soft tissue chemistry of mussel species from relatively low
doses of O&G wastewater suggest surface water disposal volumes
may require re-evaluation to prevent further impacts.