Assessment of the Efficiency of Measuring Foot and Ankle Edema with a 3D Portable Scanner

Abstract

Background: To prospectively evaluate the reliability of a portable optical scanner compared to the water displacement technique for volumetric measurements of the foot and ankle and to compare the acquisition time associated with these two methods. Methods: Foot volume was measured in 29 healthy volunteers (58 feet, 24 females and 5 males) by a 3D scanner (UPOD-S 3D Laser Full-Foot Scanner®) and by water displacement volumetry. Measurements were performed on both feet, up to a height of 10 cm above the ground. The acquisition time for each method was evaluated. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient, and a Student’s t-test were performed. Results: Mean foot volume was 869.7 +/− 165.1 cm3 (3D scanner) versus 867.9 +/− 155.4 cm3 (water-displacement volumetry) (p < 10−5). The concordance of measurements was 0.93, indicative of a high correlation between the two techniques. Volumes were 47.8 cm3 lower when using the 3D scanner versus water volumetry. After statistically correcting this underestimation, the concordance was improved (0.98, residual bias = −0.03 +/− 35.1 cm3). The mean examination time was 4.2 +/− 1.7 min (3D optical scanner) versus 11.1 +/− 2.9 min (water volumeter) (p < 10−4). Conclusions: Ankle/foot volumetric measurements performed using this portable 3D scanner are reliable and fast and can be used in clinical practice and research.

Performance of an adjustable compression wrap in occupational leg swelling

“…The main limitation of this device is the great difficulty to scan the foot and toes. For this, Beldane 24 et alused a special portable 3D scan3D (UPOD-S 3D Laser Full-Foot Scanner®) showing that foot and ankle volumetry is reliable and fast. Comparing to water-displacement technique, they found a high correlation between the two techniques with a concordance of measurements of 0.93, However, their 3D scanner was found to undersetimate the volume (about 5%).…”

Validation of an Automated Optical Scanner for a Comprehensive Anthropometric Analysis of the Foot and Ankle

“…The clinical application of anthropometric measures of the foot extends to various fields, including orthopedics, podiatry, sports medicine, and footwear design [ 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Anthropometric measures of the foot and ankle have demonstrated clinical utility across various domains of healthcare [ 16 , 17 ]. They offer valuable insights into foot morphology, aiding in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of foot-related conditions.…”

“…In the last few years, there has been an increasing body of scientific literature disseminating research on foot anthropometry and contributing to advancements in the field, with potentially important clinical implications [ 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The precision and accessibility of foot anthropometry are expected to further improve, enhancing its clinical utility in the years to come [ 17 ].…”