Assessment of the historical trace metal contamination of sediments in the Elizabeth River, Virginia

The impact of urban expansion and agricultural legacies on trace metal accumulation in fluvial and lacustrine sediments of the lower Chesapeake Bay basin, USA

“…Aluminum was chosen as the primary denominator in this study due to both its abundance and representation of aluminosilicates (which commonly adsorb trace elements). The EF for a trace metal (M e ) is calculated as follows (Rule, 1986;Conrad et al, 2007):…”

“…Residential developments and associated landscape transformations artificially expose lithology and mine tailings (Odhiambo et al, 1996) to surficial processes, while urban-industrial centers leach metals through manufacturing, wastewater treatment, and automobile wear (Yesilonis et al, 2008;Conrad and Chisholm-Brause, 2004;Conrad et al, 2007;Bain et al, 2012;Jartun et al, 2008). The application of soil amendments in modern agriculture in significant areas of the eastern US agricultural landscapes is associated with increased metal concentrations in areas downstream of cultivation (Raven and Loeppert, 1997;Gissel-Nielsen, 1971;Faulkner, 2001).The atmospheric deposition of metals in this region is partially controlled by the presence of transportation corridors, the Appalachian Mountains and leaded gasoline regulations (Kolker et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2000).…”

“…The aquatic systems of the southern Chesapeake Bay watershed display disrupted sedimentation, declining water quality, and altered ecologies resulting from anthropogenic alterations (Yesilonis et al, 2008;Dauer and Alden, 1995;Conrad and Chisholm-Brause, 2004;Conrad et al, 2007;Odhiambo and Ricker, 2011). These environmental aquatic degradations will continue to be exacerbated as basin's human population and urban expansion modify fluvial aggradation, degradation and contaminant dispersal processes.…”

Determination of Mining Activity of River Sediments of Three Chilean Basins by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (Pixe)

“…Sediment Enrichment Factor (SEF) was proposed by Kemp in 1979 and has been used recently to establish the degree of trace elements contamination, evaluating the enrichment factors of trace elements and their relationship with anthropogenic activities [19][20][21][22] . The SEF method involves comparing the environmental relationship between the content of some heavy metal and an element of lithogenic origin -such as Fe or Al -with respect to the relationship in the unpolluted sediment reater the enrichment factor of heavy metals in sediments, higher the level of sediments contaminated by heavy metals 23 .…”

Metabolic varsality of bacteria isolated from surgace river sediment influenced by petrochemical effluentes: The case of Pseudomonassp. TN301 as polyhydroxyalkanoate producer

“…Najčešće vrste teških metala koje se mogu naći u ovakvim staništima su arsen, barijum, kadmijum, hrom, olovo, živa, nikl i cink (Ahmed et al, 2011;Conrad et al, 2007;Sandrin i Maier, 2003). Metali mogu biti prisutni u različitim fizičkim i hemijskim formama: mogu predstavljati zasebnu čvrstu fazu, mogu biti adsorbovani za čestice zemlje ili se mogu nalaziti u formi jonskih rastvora.…”