Assessment of the shape of vertical jet fires

Palacios, Adriana; Casal, Joaquim

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.048

Cited by 119 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Figure 1. Infra-red image [28] of a propane jet flame, flame height, H, the lift-off distance, L, length of radiant emitting plume, h, and pipe exit plane, diameter D. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former involved careful jet flame measurements of thermocouple temperatures and infra-red emission intensities, of the type reproduced in Fig. 1, in [28], and the latter computations to reveal the extent of the reaction zone. The thermocouple measurements suggested the plume edges to lie at temperatures close to 800K.…”

Section: Jet Plume Volume and Mean Overall Flame Surface Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Jet flame heights, lift-off distances, and mean flame surface density for extensive ranges of fuels and flow rates

Bradley

Gaskell

et al. 2016

Combustion and Flame

105

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An extensive review and re-thinking of jet flame heights and structure, extending into the choked/supersonic regime is presented, with discussion of the limitations of previous flame height correlations. Completely new dimensionless correlations for the plume heights, lift-off distances, and mean flame surface densities of atmospheric jet flames, in the absence of a cross wind, are presented. It was found that the same flow rate parameter could be used to correlate both plume heights and flame lift-off distances. These are related to the flame structure, jet flame instability, and flame extinction stretch rates, as revealed by complementary experiments and computational studies. The correlations are based on a vast experimental data base, covering 880 flame heights. They encompass pool fires and flares, as well as choked and unchoked jet flames of CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 3 H 8 , C 4 H 10 and H 2 , over a wide range of conditions. Supply pressures range from 0.06 to 90MPa, discharge diameters from 4·10 -4 to 1.32 m, and flame heights from 0.08 to 110 m. The computational studies enabled reaction zone volumes to be estimated, as a proportion of the plume volumes, measured from flame photographs, and temperature contours. This enabled mean flame surface densities to be estimated, together with mean volumetric heat releases rates. There is evidence of a "saturation" mean surface density and increases in turbulent burn rates being accomplished by near pro rata increases in the overall volume of reacting mixture.

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“…Figure 1. Infra-red image [28] of a propane jet flame, flame height, H, the lift-off distance, L, length of radiant emitting plume, h, and pipe exit plane, diameter D. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Jet Plume Volume and Mean Overall Flame Surface Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Jet flame heights, lift-off distances, and mean flame surface density for extensive ranges of fuels and flow rates

Bradley

Gaskell

et al. 2016

Combustion and Flame

105

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“…For the sake of simplicity, here only a simple vertical jet model is commented; in fact, for short distances it can also be applied to other orientations of jet fire. The following expressions have been proposed for propane jet fires [28][29][30].…”

Section: Jet Firementioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of domino effect in pipelines

Ramírez-Camacho

Pastor

Casal

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Parallel pipelines are frequently installed over long distances, due to the difficulty in creating or maintaining the required corridor. This implies that a release in one pipeline can seriously affect another one. The main risks associated with this domino effect are the erosive action of fluid-sand jets and the thermal action of jet fires. In this paper a survey has been performed on the accidents that have occurred, and the diverse possibilities and the associated domino sequences are analysed. The probability of occurrence of this domino effect is a function of the location of the hole, the direction of the jet, the solid angle that the jet is outlining, the diameter of both pipelines, and the distance between them. A mathematical model has been developed to estimate this probability. The model shows how the probability of domino effect decreases with the distance and diameter of the source pipe, and increases with the diameter of the target pipe. The frequency of the domino effect can be estimated from this probability and from the frequency of the initiating pipe failure plus, in the case of jet fire impingement, the probability of ignition. The frequency of the secondary pipe failure thus calculated, always higher than the individual frequency of this pipe, allows obtaining more realistic risk analysis results. HIGHLIGHTS In parallel pipelines domino effect can have a significant influence.  Domino effect will be originated by jet erosion or jet fire impingement.  The domino effect probability depends on the geometric arrangement of the system.  A mathematical model has been developed to estimate domino effect probability.  This probability allows a more realistic estimation of failure frequencies. ABSTRACTParallel pipelines are frequently installed over long distances, due to the difficulty in creating or maintaining the required corridor. This implies that a release in one pipeline can seriously affect another one. The main risks associated with this domino effect are erosion by fluid-sand jets and the thermal action of jet fires. In this paper a survey has been performed on the accidents that have occurred, and the diverse associated domino sequences are analyzed. The probability of occurrence of domino effect is a function of the location of the hole, the jet direction and solid angle, the diameter of both pipelines and the distance between them. A mathematical model has been developed to estimate this probability. The model shows how the probability of domino effect decreases with the distance and diameter of the source pipe, and increases with the diameter of the target pipe. Its frequency can be estimated from this probability and from the frequency of the initiating pipe failure plus, in the case of jet fire impingement, the probability of ignition. The frequency of the target pipe failure thus calculated, always higher than its individual frequency, allows a more realistic risk analysis.

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“…A jet flame can pose large heat fluxes and serious adverse impacts due to the high flow velocities and the extensive combustion [9], the fire hazard is considerable and it should be treated seriously in energy conversion and management. The turbulent jet flame shape, as a basic quantity, has been investigated widely as reviewed in [10]. Baron proposed a classic prediction model for the flame radius r at a given height z [11] rðzÞ…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1a [11,12]. In [10], the validity of Eq. (1) is further discussed at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of the flame height, where the flame height is measured from the base of the lifted flame to the flame tip, and the influence of the flame lift off height is not considered in the discussion of the applicability of the Baron' expression (Eq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%