Assessment of the State of the Gibel Carp Carassius auratus gibelio in the Amur River Basin: Heavy-Metal and Arsenic Concentrations and Histopathology of Internal Organs

Abstract

This study describes the concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic (As) and the basic histopathological changes in the internal organs of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio from five sites of the Amur River basin. Gibel carp from Sindinskaya Passage had the highest liver concentrations of zinc (Zn) (31.95 ± 13.443), copper (Cu) (12.52 ± 5.746), manganese (9.22 ± 8.121), and cadmium (0.37 ± 0.660 mg/kg wet weight [ww]) compared with fish captured from the Bol'shoi Ussuriiskii Island area and Kadi Lake; however, concentrations of nickel (0.22 ± 0.156 mg/kg ww) were not significantly different, and concentrations of lead (0.19 ± 0.121 mg/kg ww) were higher than those in fish from Kadi Lake. Mean concentrations of metals and As in muscles were lower than Russia's recommended limits for food products; however, concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Hg in individual fish were greater than the limit. Kidney disease was detected in 100% of sampled carp. Kidney disease was characterized by the formation of numerous granulomas in kidney tissues between the renal tubules. The degree of granulomatosis varied among sites. Granulomatous kidney disease in gibel carp is widespread in many reservoirs of the lower Amur River basin. The following histopathological changes were detected in liver: vacuolization of hepatocytes, hypertrophy of multiple hepatocytes, binuclearity, presence of numerous irregularly shaped nuclei in hepatocytes, karyopyknosis, diffuse necrosis of hepatocytes (in some cases focal), and edema. Necrotic changes in hepatocytes, which are important indices of the toxic effect of pollutants, were found in the majority of investigated carp from the lower Amur River basin. Some fish had simultaneous pathological alterations in multiple organs.

Seasonal Variations and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in the Muscle of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) Cultured in Subsidence Ponds near Suzhou, East-Central China

“…The reported level of Zn (28.47 mg/kg) in the present study was approximately similar to that from Cuciurgan Reservoirs (28.5 mg/kg) (Zubcov et al 2012), but higher than reported by Syasina et al (2012), Ebrahimpour et al (2011), Petkovšek et al (2012, and Zhuang et al (2013) that from Kadi lake (10 mg/kg), Anzali Wetland (19.4 mg/ kg), Šalek lake (6.71 mg/kg)and Dabaoshan (13.5 mg/kg), respectively. However, Zn level in this study was considerably lower than reported by Chi et al (2007) from Taihu Lake (130 mg/kg) and Zhang et al (2015) from Nansi lake (87.4 mg/kg).…”

“…The Pb concentration (0.20 mg/kg) of this study was lower than the literature values (Milošković et al 2013;Ebrahimpour et al 2011;Chi et al 2007;Zhuang et al 2013;Zhang et al 2015), except Kadi lake (0.05 mg/kg) (Syasina et al 2012). Mn concentration (0.99 mg/kg) in this study was also lower than fishes from Gruza Reservoir (1.23 mg/kg) (Milošković et al 2013) and Nansi lake (2.3 mg/kg) (Zhang et al 2015), but higher than from Kadi lake (0.64 mg/kg) (Syasina et al 2012).…”

“…Reported results in the literature showed that metal contents in fish muscle of C. auratus varied widely depending on location and its growing environment. Concentration of Cd (0.04 mg/kg) in the fish muscle of this study was lower than reported levels of fishes from Dabaoshan metal mine (0.1 mg/kg) (Zhuang et al 2013), Anzali Wetland (0.29 mg/kg) (Ebrahimpour et al 2011), and similar with the level from Nansi lake (\0.05 mg/kg) (Zhang et al 2015), but higher than that from Kadi lake (0.023 mg/kg) (Syasina et al 2012), Gruza Reservoir (0.008 mg/kg) (Zubcov et al 2012), Taihu Lake (0.013 mg/kg) (Chi et al 2007), and Š alek lake (0.01 mg/ kg) (Petkovšek et al 2012).…”

“…Average values for Mn ranged between 0.73 and 1.15 mg/kg. The mean Mn values were also lower than Russian limit for food (Syasina et al 2012) (10 mg/kg), whereas Mn levels at CMA (1.10 mg/kg) and CMB (1.15 mg/kg) both exceeded the recommended limit of Mn (1 mg/kg) proposed by WHO (1996). Mean Ni concentrations varied from 0.53 to 0.70 mg/kg, which were below the recommend safe limit of 5.5 mg/kg proposed by the Western Australian Authorities (Mahboob et al 2014), but just above the permissible limit of 0.5 mg/kg suggested by WHO (1989) and Russian (Syasina et al 2012).…”

Cadmium removal at high concentration in aqueous medium: mediated by Desulfovibrio alaskensis

“…The metals are toxic even at low levels of concentration and tend to accumulate over an extended period of time; as a result of this, their concentrations often exceed the permissible levels normally found in soil, water ways, and sediments. Their accumulation in the environment affects food chains and can profoundly disrupt biological processes, causing serious health problems in humans as well as ecological damage (Syasina et al 2012). An example of this is cadmium, which is one of the most toxic metals and its presence in the environment affects any form of life (Igwe and Abia 2006).…”