Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Alanazi, Saud A.

doi:10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12

Cited by 9 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…No significant differences were found in the OSDI and TER scores between myopic and hyperopic subjects. Recently, a Delfin VapoMeter was used to assess the TER of chronic smokers and of subjects with thyroid gland disorder [ 22 , 23 ]. In smokers ( N = 120; 25.4 ± 5.8 years), the median TER score was significantly ( p < 0.05) higher (37.7 (59.3) g/m 2 h) compared with the control group (15.4 (13.1) g/m 2 h) [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurements of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with Refractive Errors Using a Portable Evaporimeter

et al. 2022

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Dry eye symptoms are associated with refractive errors. We aimed to measure the tear evaporation rate (TER) in subjects with refractive errors (RE) using a portable evaporimeter. This nonrandomized, case–control, and observational study included 75 subjects, including 25 subjects aged 18–38 years (28.8 ± 6.8 years) with myopia (−0.75 to −3.75 D) and 25 subjects aged 18–39 years (27.7 ± 5.5 years) with hyperopia (+0.50 to +3.75 D). In addition, a control group of 25 subjects with emmetropic eyes aged 20–30 years (23.6 ± 2.6 years) was recruited. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was completed, followed by the TER measurements using a portable evaporimeter. The OSDI score and TER measurements showed dry eye symptoms in 36% and 48% of myopic subjects, respectively. For hyperopic participants, dry eye was observed in 24% and 56% of the subjects based on the OSDI and TER scores, respectively. Significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.001) were found among the OSDI and TER scores recorded within the study (myopic and hyperopic subjects) and control groups. Significant strong positive correlations were detected between the OSDI and TER scores in both myopic (p = 0.004; r = 0.559) and hyperopic (p = 0.001; r = 0.619) subjects. The TER scores were significantly higher in subjects with RE (myopic and hyperopic) as compared with individuals with normal eyes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tear evaporation rate (TER) has been measured efficiently using a portable evaporimeter [ 22 , 23 ]. The use of a portable evaporimeter for measuring TER is quick, convenient, repeatable, and noninvasive as compared with other techniques [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with Refractive Errors Using a Portable Evaporimeter

et al. 2022

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“…16,19,39 There are several pharmacologic methods, which include tear supplementation, tear retention, tear stimulation and anti-inflammatory agents. 40 On the other hand, there are many possible non-pharmacologic approaches regarding the management of DE pathology. These include avoidance of exacerbating factors and eyelid hygiene.…”

Section: Medical Management Of Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review on prevalence, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and medical management of dry eye disease in the Arab population

Aljarousha

Badarudin

Azemin

et al. 2021

African Vision and Eye Health

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Background: Dry eye (DE) is a multifactorial disorder that can influence tear production, functional visual acuity and ultimately increase the osmolarity of the tear film. The prevalence of DE ranges from 7% to 33% across the world. However, to the best of our knowledge, the prevalence range of DE in Arab countries is not precisely documented in the literature.Aim: The aim of this article was to determine the prevalence range of DE, investigate the major risk factors of DE and identify the clinical diagnosis and medical management of DE.Method: In this study, only English language articles from 2017 to 2020 were selected. There were 52 articles on prevalence, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and medical management of DE in the Arab population.Results: The prevalence of DE in the Arab population varies in reports, from 10% in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai) to 69% in Palestine (West Bank). Gender difference (DE more in women), wearing of contact lenses, diabetes mellitus and glaucoma were all known to intensify the symptoms of DE. Lastly, there are two approaches to reduce DE in the Arab population, namely, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods.Conclusion: The prevalence of DE in the Arab population was relatively high. In addition, the ocular surface disease index is one of the most common tools for the diagnosis of DE, whilst tear break-up time test is the common clinical test used in the Arab reports. Lastly, the most common treatment for DE is artificial tears.

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“…Common tools used to diagnose the dry eye include the Schirmer test (20), phenol red thread (20), tear break-up time (21), osmolarity (22), tear evaporation rate (23), and tear ferning (TF) (24) tests. Alongside other in vivo dry eye tests, the TF test has been proven to be simple, repeatable, and useful for assessing the quality of tears (25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions

et al. 2021

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Objective: This study aimed to improve the tear ferning (TF) patterns in the sheep tears after the addition of various electrolyte solutions in different proportions.Animal Studied: Sheep were located at a small farm in the outskirts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sheep had no ocular disorders or diseases, and none of the female sheep were pregnant.Methods: Tear samples (20 μl) were collected from the right eyes of seven healthy sheep (five female sheep and two male sheep; age 7–36 months with an average of 17.0 ± 10.3 months). A tear sample (1 μl) from each sheep was dried on a microscopic glass slide at 22°C and <40% humidity. The TF patterns were graded based on the five-point grading scale in 0.1 increments. Homogenous mixtures were prepared by mixing tears from each sheep (0.5 μl) with various electrolyte solutions in different proportions (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). A sample of each mixture (1 μl) was dried on a glass slide, and the TF patterns for each mixture were observed, recorded, graded, and compared with those of the corresponding pure sheep tears. In addition, each sheep tear sample (0.5 μl) was diluted with pure water (0.5 μl) and the TF images were recorded and graded to test the dilution effect.Results: General improvement was noted in TF grades after the addition of electrolyte solutions, ranging from 1.7–1.4 to 1.3–0.3 regardless of the ratio between the electrolyte solutions and sheep tears within the mixture. TF grades of sheep tear samples improved significantly after adding different volumes of calcium chloride solution. Similar improvements in TF grades were observed when magnesium chloride hexahydrate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions were used as the electrolytes. Some improvements in the TF grades occurred with the addition of potassium chloride to sheep tear samples. There was little improvement in TF grades after the addition of sodium chloride solution.Conclusion: Tear ferning grades of sheep tear samples improved when mixed with a number of electrolyte solutions at different volumes, in particular with calcium chloride or magnesium chloride solutions. Some improvements in TF grades were seen with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium chloride solution added as the electrolyte. Clearly, divalent electrolytes lead to a greater improvement in TF grades of sheep tear samples as compared with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or monovalent electrolytes.

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Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Measurements of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with Refractive Errors Using a Portable Evaporimeter

Measurements of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with Refractive Errors Using a Portable Evaporimeter

A systematic review on prevalence, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and medical management of dry eye disease in the Arab population

Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions

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