Assessment of the toxic and potential teratogenic effects of four glycol ethers and two derivatives using the hydra regeneration assay and rat whole embryo culture

Hydra, a model system for environmental studies

“…Good correlation was found between the in vitro Hydra regeneration assay and teratogenicity in vivo, as reported by Bowden et al, (1995) and Wilby and Tesh (1990), who proposed it as a screening tool for teratogenicity. Furthermore the combination of Hydra developmental hazard index (A/D ratio) and rat whole embryo culture test have been recommended for use together to facilitate the rapid detection and ranking of hazardous chemicals associated with complex mixtures of chemical waste (Mayura et al, 1991;Yang et al, 1993).…”

“…Hydra have been successfully used to examine the teratogenic potential of several chemicals including effluents and water samples (Fu et al, 1991, Fu et al, 1994 and various chemicals (Johnson et al, 1986;Mayura et al, 1991;Yang et al, 1993;Bowden et al, 1995,) including endocrine disrupting compounds Pachura-Bouchet et al, 2006) and pharmaceuticals Quinn et al, 2008b;Quinn et al, 2009). Good correlation was found between the in vitro Hydra regeneration assay and teratogenicity in vivo, as reported by Bowden et al, (1995) and Wilby and Tesh (1990), who proposed it as a screening tool for teratogenicity.…”

A comparison between <i>Daphnia pulex</i> and <i>Hydra vulgaris</i> as possible test organisms for agricultural run-off and acid mine drainage toxicity assessments

“…Acid mine drainage (AMD) is characterised by a low pH, high metal concentration, high specific conductivity and a ferric oxyhydroxide precipitate commonly known as 'yellow boy' (Akcil and Koldas, 2006). The aims of ecotoxicology have evolved over the years, from establishing the concentrations at which chemicals exert adverse effects, estimating environmental risk based on measured toxicity endpoints, and predicting environmental concentrations for specific chemicals, to defining toxicant concentrations harmful for specific organism groups and/or for assemblages of species (Blaise and Fèrard, 2005).…”

“…These bioassays have involved the use of a diverse selection of organisms and can be conducted as acute, sub-chronic or chronic bioassays (Persoone and Janssen, 1993;Cairns, 1995;Slabbert and Venter, 1999;Persoone et al, 2003;Blaise and Fèrard, 2005;Goodfellow, 2005). These bioassays have aided in the establishment and promulgation of water quality criteria (regarding safe release of single chemicals into aquatic ecosystems), providing aquatic safety assessments for chemicals, biomonitoring initiatives, registration of pesticide products, assessing industrial and mine effluent, urban and agricultural run-off and the ranking of chemicals with respect to their hazardous potential (Bitton et al, 1995;Blaise and Fèrard, 2005).…”

“…Globally, Hydra species have been used extensively for toxicity testing, i.e., assessing the toxicity of: pharmaceuticals (Pascoe et al, 2003;Quinn et al, 2008a;Quinn et al, 2008b;Quinn et al, 2009), bottled drinking waters (Arkhipchuk et al, 2006), chemicals such as glycol ethers (Bowden et al, 1995), Endosulfan (Pollino and Holdway, 1999), industrial effluents (Blaise and Kusui, 1997) and waste waters (Pardos et al 1999), and metals (Beach and Pascoe, 1998;Pollino and Holdway, 1999;Pascoe, 2000, Karntanut andPascoe 2002;Karntanut and Pascoe, 2005). Hydra species commonly used are H. viridissima, H. vulgaris, H. attenuata H. oligactis and H. pseudoligactis (Bell and Wolfe, 1985;Blaise and Kusui, 1997;Fukuhori et al, 2005;Holdway, 2005).…”