Assessment of thermodynamic stability of sapphire in eutectic molten chloride environment

Abstract

The continued development of molten salt reactors and concentrated solar power plants requires highly efficient and stable instruments that can efficiently monitor the chemical conditions of the molten salt during long‐term operation in both the fuel and coolant/heat transfer fluid loops. Sapphire (Al2O3) fibers have shown tremendous potential due to inherent radiation resistance and a broader operational range of temperature. In this work, computational thermodynamic modeling (CALPHAD) using the ThermoCalc software in conjunction with the SGTE (Scientific Group Thermodata Europe) Molten Salts (SALT1) and Pure Substances (Pure5) databases is applied to understand the compatibility of Al2O3 fibers with NaCl‐MgCl2 eutectic molten salt in the temperature range of 1500–2500 K. The thermodynamic calculations show that sapphire fibers are not expected to be stable over the long‐term when exposed to molten chloride salts at these temperatures. To improve the stability of these diagnostic fibers in molten salt environments, various pure metallic elements were evaluated as potential cladding materials for Al2O3 fibers. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni) could be effective cladding materials to enhance the stability of Al2O3 in NaCl‐MgCl2 chloride salt molten bath in the desired temperature range. Thus, the presence of Mo and Ni cladding can provide a protective coating against the corrosive molten salts, thus improving the stability of Al2O3. Additionally, it is also shown that Al2O3 remains stable up to 2400 K in the presence of preexisting Al2MgO4 and Al2NiO4 in the eutectic molten chloride bath environment.

Ni/NiO Reference Electrode Potential Measurements in Molten CaCl2–CaO

“…21 Recently it was also shown that sapphire (Al 2 O 3 ) fibers with Mo and Ni can provide a protective coating in chloride-based salts. 22 For the construction of reference electrodes to be used in the DOR process, compatibility with CaCl 2 , CaO, and Ca is needed. Given the high thermodynamic stability of CaO, we sought to find ceramics with comparable stability that could be obtained in commercially available ceramic tubes.…”