Assessment of TLR-2 concentration in tick-borne encephalitis and neuroborreliosis

Moniuszko‐Malinowska, Anna; Penza, Paweł; Czupryna, Piotr; Zajkowska, Olga; Pancewicz, Sławomir; Król, Monika; Świerzbińska, Renata; Dunaj, Justyna; Zajkowska, Joanna

doi:10.1080/00365513.2019.1661510

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Other TLR-2 associations in TBE and NB were similar to HMGB-1. Summarizing, serum HMGB-1 and TLR-2 concentrations appear to be useful early diagnostic biomarkers of TBE and good tools for differentiating TBE from NB [ 41 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review

Gudowska-Sawczuk

Mroczko

2021

IJMS

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Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an acute disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Due to the viral nature of the condition, there is no effective causal treatment for full-blown disease. Current and nonspecific TBE treatments only relieve symptoms. Unfortunately, the first phase of TBE is characterized by flu-like symptoms, making diagnosis difficult during this period. The second phase is referred to as the neurological phase as it involves structures in the central nervous system—most commonly the meninges and, in more severe cases, the brain and the spinal cord. Therefore, it is important that early markers of TBE that will guide clinical decision-making and the choice of treatment are established. In this review, we performed an extensive search of literature reports relevant to biomarkers associated with TBE using the MEDLINE/PubMed database. We observed that apart from routinely determined specific immunoglobulins, free light chains may also be useful in the evaluation of intrathecal synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS) during TBEV infection. Moreover, selected metalloproteinases, chemokines, or cytokines appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of TBE as a consequence of inflammatory reactions and recruitment of white blood cells into the CNS. Furthermore, we reported promising findings on tau protein or Toll-like receptors. It was also observed that some people may be predisposed to TBE. Therefore, to understand the role of selected tick-borne encephalitis biomarkers, we categorized these factors and discussed their potential application in the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, or management of TBE.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review

Gudowska-Sawczuk

Mroczko

2021

IJMS

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“…Peripheral blood samples for nextgeneration RNA sequencing were collected from 9 patients with SSc and 15 patients with SLE. These patients ful lled the 1982 American College of Rheumatology revised classi cation criteria for SLE [14] and 2013 European League Against Rheumatism classi cation criteria for SSc [15]. Patients were excluded if they had an autoimmune disease other than SLE and SSc.…”

Section: Patient Recruitmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 1 and 3 in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis

Liu¹,

Wu²,

Ciou³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) are autoimmune diseases with some overlapping clinical manifestations. Recent studies have revealed that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play essential roles in autoimmune diseases' pathogenesis. To investigate the expression of TLR genes in SLE and SSc that are specific to the character of these diseases' pathogenesis.Methods: We recruited patients with SLE (n = 15) and SSc (n = 9) from China Medical University Hospital hospital in Taiwan from 2016 to 2017. Included were healthy reference controls and SLE datasets from the NCBI database. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells of the patients for next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results in identified differentially expressed genes were compared to explore TLRs' association with SLE and SSc pathogenesis. Housekeeping genes, including ACTB, GAPDH, PGK1, PPIB, SDHA, and TBP, were used to normalize the expression levels of the TLR genes. Results: There were significant differences in raw gene expression for patients with SLE and SSc (p < 0.05). No significant difference between patients with SLE and control datasets with SLE (p >0.05). The expression levels of TLR1 (p = 0.018) and TLR3 (p = 0.031) were significantly upregulated in the patients with SSc compared with those with SLE, normalized by GAPDH. Compared with many housekeeping genes, ACTB, GAPDH, and TBP indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the expression of TLR1and TLR3. Conclusions: TLR1 and TLR3 can serve as biomarkers to distinguish the gene expression between SLE and SSc, normalized with housekeeping genes such as ACTB, GADPH, and TBP.

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“…They have been the research topic of many studies (6)(7)(8). TLRs are believed to be associated with a considerable number of diseases and treatments, such as allergies (9), tick-borne encephalitis (10), and prostate cancer (11), among others. TLR-4 is a membrane-bound TLR that plays an important role in the treatment of severe sepsis associated with Gram-negative bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and post-traumatic illness (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of TLR-4 on the proliferation and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells and its relationship with the Wnt signal transduction pathway during bone nonunion

Mei¹,

Yan²,

Zou³

et al. 2022

Ann Transl Med

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Background: Bone nonunion is a special fracture complication that occurs in about 5% to 10% of cases.This type of fracture is difficult to heal, and causes great pain to patients and affects their quality of life. The mechanism of bone nonunion is not clear. In our study, we investigated the influence of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, TLR-4, and Wnt signaling pathways on the occurrence of bone nonunion.Methods: Firstly, we established a Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model of femoral nonunion, and detected the expression levels of TLR-3, TLR-4, β-catenin, nemo-like kinase (NLK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and other proteins during model construction. For in vitro experiments, primary cultured bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were divided into 4 groups: lipopolysaccharide (LPS, agonist of TLR-4) group, LPS + CLI095 (inhibitor of TLR-4) group, control group, and LPS + substance P (SP) group. The expression of β-catenin, NLK, JNK, and ALP and the osteogenic differentiation ability of cells were detected during culture.Results: X-ray and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining results confirmed the successful modeling of bone nonunion. During the formation of the bone nonunion model, the expression of TLR-4 showed an upward trend. In vitro experiment results showed that inhibition of TLR-4 expression could enhance the proliferation and differentiation ability of BMSCs. The expression of β-catenin, the core protein of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, increased rapidly in the first 2 weeks of bone nonunion construction, and decreased after 2 weeks. Non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway proteins NLK and JNK had no change in the first 2 weeks, and showed an upward trend after 2 weeks. In vitro experiment results showed that the expression of β-catenin was dominant in BMSCs with strong proliferation and differentiation ability, while the expression of NLK and JNK was dominant in BMSCs with weak proliferation and differentiation ability.These results suggest that the Wnt signaling pathway may regulate the occurrence of bone nonunion.Conclusions: TLR-4 inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs, and the transformation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway may lead to bone nonunion. Our study may provide new insights into the treatment of bone nonunion.

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Assessment of TLR-2 concentration in tick-borne encephalitis and neuroborreliosis

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review

Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review

Differential Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 1 and 3 in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis

The effect of TLR-4 on the proliferation and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells and its relationship with the Wnt signal transduction pathway during bone nonunion

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