Assessment of toxicological profiles of the municipal wastewater effluents using chemical analyses and bioassays

Smital, Tvrtko; Terzić, Senka; Žaja, Roko; Senta, Ivan; Pivčević, Branka; Popović, Marta; Mikac, Iva; Tollefsen, Knut Erik; Thomas, Kevin V.; Ahel, Marijan

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.11.010

Cited by 95 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In order to more fully comprehend the ecological effects of releasing treated wastewater into the environment, the biological assessment of wastewater using standard ecotoxicological bioassays should be considered as complementary to the physicochemical assessment made by examining the ''traditional'' parameters (e.g. pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and conductivity), because this integrated approach offers a more complete assessment of the risk of wastewaters on aquatic ecosystems (Mendonça et al 2009;Smital et al 2011;Vasquez and Fatta-Kassinos 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation

et al. 2014

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The toxic potential of four disinfectant agents (chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid and UV radiation), used in the disinfection of urban wastewater, was evaluated with respect to four aquatic organisms. Disinfection assays were carried out with wastewater from the city of Araraquara (São Paulo State, Brazil), and subsequently, toxicity bioassays were applied in order to verify possible adverse effects to the cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis), midge larvae Chironomus xanthus and fish (Danio rerio). Under the experimental conditions tested, all the disinfectants were capable of producing harmful effects on the test organisms, except for C. xanthus. The toxicity of the effluent to C. silvestrii was observed to increase significantly as a result of disinfection using 2.5 mg L(-1) chlorine and 29.9 mg L(-1) ozone. Ozonation and chlorination significantly affected the survival of D. similis and D. rerio, causing mortality of 60 to 100 % in comparison to the non-disinfected effluent. In experiments with effluent treated with peracetic acid (PAA) and UV radiation, a statistically significant decrease in survival was only detected for D. rerio. This investigation suggested that the study of the ideal concentrations of disinfectants is a research need for ecologically safe options for the treatment of wastewater.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation

et al. 2014

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“…Cytotoxicity was low overall and only recorded in the GSTP inlet for March 2010 andFebruary 2011 (13% and25% respectively). Sewage effluent showed no cytoxicity, and this corresponds to studies elsewhere (Smital et al, 2011). Toxicity testing should, however, be done using a wide array of tests to include toxic chemicals of varying characteristics, and to accurately determine toxicity in a wide range of organisms and under different conditions, as suggested by Dizer et al (2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oestrogen, testosterone, cytotoxin and cholinesterase inhibitor removal during reclamation of sewage to drinking water

Faul

Julies

Pool

2013

WSA

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Namibia is the driest sub-Saharan country in Africa. Namibia's capital, Windhoek, reclaims sewage water for domestic use at the Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (GWRP). Risks associated with sewage effluent and reclaimed sewage should be closely monitored; therefore water at the Gammams Sewage Treatment Plant (GSTP) inlet and outlet, as well as reclaimed water from the GWRP, were assayed using selected bioassays. Samples collected were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assays and chromogenic tests for steroid hormones, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity and inflammatory activity. Estradiol level at the sewage treatment inlet was 78 pg/mℓ and the treated sewage level showed an 83% to 95% reduction in this, while after reclamation the level was below detection limit. Estrone concentrations at the sewage treatment inlet ranged from 10 to 161 pg/mℓ. Sewage treatment reduced estrone by between 85% and 92%. After reclamation the level of estrone was below detection limit. Testosterone ranged between 162 and 405 pg/mℓ at the sewage plant inlet. Sewage treatment removed 96% of the initial testosterone. The residual testosterone was effectively removed by processes in GWRP and after reclamation no testosterone was detected in water. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition at the sewage treatment inlet was 50% while it was only 27% after sewage treatment. After reclamation AChE inhibition was not detected. Only water at the sewage inlet in March and February showed cytotoxicity. High inflammatory activity was detected at the sewage plant inlet. Sewage treatment reduced inflammatory activity by 64%. After reclamation low inflammatory activity was induced. Treated sewage used for reclamation tested positive for most of the biomarkers and can pose a risk to human health. However, reclamation successfully removed these contaminants. Due to the presence of contaminants in the intake water at the reclamation plant, it is essential to routinely monitor the water produced by the reclamation plant for potential residues that can adversely affect human health.

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“…Previous studies found most estrogenic activity in polar fractions of log K ow 2-4 of effluent, river water, and sediment extracts (Creusot et al 2013;Grung et al 2011;Houtman et al 2004;Smital et al 2011). Fetter et al (2014 further suggested alkylphenols and estrone as Water F22 F16 F15 F14 F12 F10 F9 F8 F7 F5 F3 F2 S1 S2 S5 S8 S9 S10 S11 The present study did demonstrate that polar and mid-polar compounds such as E1, E2, and BPA are widely present in both water and sediment samples.…”

Section: Effect-directed Analysismentioning

confidence: 92%

Evaluation of estrogenic activity in the Pearl River by using effect-directed analysis

Chen

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study investigated estrogenic activity of water, sediment, and fish bile of the Pearl River in southern China by effect-directed analysis based on in vitro yeast screen assay and chemical analysis. Results showed higher estradiol equivalents (EEQ) for surface water in dry season than in wet season. Simple risk assessment suggested that high estrogenic risk would be expected in Shima River and Danshui River receiving discharge of effluents from cities in the region. Fractionation and effect-directed analysis showed that estrogenic activity mainly occurred in relatively polar fractions of surface water. Seven target estrogenic compounds (bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol, estrone, diethylstilbestrol, and 17β-estradiol) only accounted for part of the measured estrogenic activity, with the rest contributions from other potential estrogenic chemicals such as phenols. Findings from this study suggest that fish in the river could be affected by those estrogenic chemicals. Proper measures should be taken to reduce the estrogenic activity in wastewaters before they are discharged into the riverine system in order to protect aquatic organisms.

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Assessment of toxicological profiles of the municipal wastewater effluents using chemical analyses and bioassays

Cited by 95 publications

References 38 publications

Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation

Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation

Oestrogen, testosterone, cytotoxin and cholinesterase inhibitor removal during reclamation of sewage to drinking water

Evaluation of estrogenic activity in the Pearl River by using effect-directed analysis

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