Assessment of trace metal contents in water and bottom sediments from Eğirdir Lake, Turkey

Abstract

The Eğirdir lake in the apex of Isparta Angle (SW Turkey) is one of the most important fresh water in Turkey and also used as drinking water source of Isparta city. This study aims to determine the origin of the high Mn concentration in the Eğirdir Lake water and bottom sediments. For this aim, water and bottom sediment samples were collected and Mn concentrations of the samples were investigated. Also, enrichment factor (EF) of the Mn has been calculated to determine origin of the element. According to the obtained results, in the southeast of the lake, Mn concentration is around 196.68 ppb in the lake water and 1134 ppm in the lake sediments, over the maximum acceptable values of World Health Organization and Turkish Standards Institute (0.05 ppm and 0.01 ppm, respectively). Furthermore, in the southwest of the lake, Mn concentration varies between 20.8 -1.42 ppb in the lake water and 193-227 ppm in the lake sediments. Mn-bearing ophiolitic rocks outcrop around the lake, especially in the southeastern side. Field observations show that anthropogenic-related pollutants are negligible for the Mn contamination in the lake water. Therefore, we speculate that high Mn concentrations in the lake water and bottom sedimants may have been resulted from Mn-bearing ophiolitic rocks outcropping in the southeastern side of the lake by the way of water-rock interaction.

Distribution Coefficient and Metal Pollution Index in Water and Sediments: Proposal of a New Index for Ecological Risk Assessment of Metals

“…Metals are natural components of the lithosphere and also occur in aquatic sediments. Under certain biogeochemical processes, dissolution, and the effect of factors such as pH, redox potential, salinity, and hardness, among others, metals can be released to the overlying water, polluting it [8][9][10] and exposing free-swimming and benthic organisms. Metals are not degradable; they bioaccumulate and are biomagnified through the trophic web [11].…”

“…This index allows determining the phase (liquid or solid) where metals predominate, negatively affecting either free-swimming or benthic organisms. Log(K d MPI ) values indicated that metals occur primarily in the liquid phase in all lakes studied.Water 2020, 12, 29 2 of 20 of metals derived from anthropogenic sources such as urban, agricultural, and industrial areas are discharged into aquatic environments [5], then transported through the water column and accumulated in sediments, thus posing an ecological risk to benthic organisms, fish, and other aquatic organisms, and ultimately affecting humans [8,12].Lakes are among the most vulnerable and fragile aquatic ecosystems, because they function as sinks for a wide range of dissolved and particulate substances [13]. Sediments are essential components of lakes, providing food for benthic organisms and accumulating multiple pollutants such as pesticides; additionally, sediments are the most important reservoirs of metals in aquatic systems [1,10,14].…”

“…Water 2020, 12, 29 2 of 20 of metals derived from anthropogenic sources such as urban, agricultural, and industrial areas are discharged into aquatic environments [5], then transported through the water column and accumulated in sediments, thus posing an ecological risk to benthic organisms, fish, and other aquatic organisms, and ultimately affecting humans [8,12].…”

Trace Elements in Surface Water and Bottom Sediments in the Hyporheic Zone of Lake Wadąg, Poland

“…A comparison of the chosen 15 lakes of the Masurian Lakeland [35] reveals a minor increase of Zn concentration in the studied lake, yet it was lower than the mean value for both Pregoła basin and lakes of Poland [34]. Not only was the concentration of Zn lower, but also Al, As, Cd and Ni -as in Turkish lakes [36,37]. Concentrations of those elements in Lake Wadąg were lowest compared to reference data [38] and Lakes of Bory Tucholskie [39].…”

“…The comparison of bottom sediments of Lake Symsar [41] and Lake Wadąg revealed higher concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn and Pb in Lake Symsar. Only the concentration of Cr was lower in Lake Symsar, while in Eğirdir Lake (Turkey) only the Pb [37]. According to the research conducted by Bojakowska and Gliwicz on 67 lakes of the Suwałki Lakeland [42], only the concentrations of Hg and Cr were lower in those lakes.…”