Assessment of Tryptophol Genotoxicity in Four Cell Lines In Vitro: A Pilot Study with Alkaline Comet Assay

Kosalec, Ivan; Ramić, Snježana; Jelić, Dubravko; Antolović, Roberto; Pepeljnjak, Stjepan; Kopjar, Nevenka

doi:10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2090

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Similar results were recently obtained using another porcine intestinal cell line, IPEC-J2, and a different readout, cellular protein content [20]. Interestingly, at a much higher concentration (2 mM), TRPT induced DNA damage in HepG2, A549 and THP-1 cells [41]. AFN and EMO were identified as moderately toxic compounds at relative IC 50 values of 19.1 µM and 19 µM, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells

Khoshal

Novak²,

Martin

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Food and feed can be naturally contaminated by several mycotoxins, and concern about the hazard of exposure to mycotoxin mixtures is increasing. In this study, more than 800 metabolites were analyzed in 524 finished pig feed samples collected worldwide. Eighty-eight percent of the samples were co-contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and other regulated/emerging mycotoxins. The Top 60 emerging/regulated mycotoxins co-occurring with DON in pig feed shows that 48%, 13%, 8% and 12% are produced by Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria species, respectively. Then, the individual and combined toxicity of DON and the 10 most prevalent emerging mycotoxins (brevianamide F, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), tryptophol, enniatins A1, B, B1, emodin, aurofusarin, beauvericin and apicidin) was measured at three ratios corresponding to pig feed contamination. Toxicity was assessed by measuring the viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells, IPEC-1, at 48-h. BRV-F, Cyclo and TRPT did not alter cell viability. The other metabolites were ranked in the following order of toxicity: apicidin > enniatin A1 > DON > beauvericin > enniatin B > enniatin B1 > emodin > aurofusarin. In most of the mixtures, combined toxicity was similar to the toxicity of DON alone. In terms of pig health, these results demonstrate that the co-occurrence of emerging mycotoxins that we tested with DON does not exacerbate toxicity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells

Khoshal

Novak²,

Martin

et al. 2019

Toxins

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“…Tryptophol is thought to be involved in the development of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosma brucei rhodesiense (Odiit et al, 1997). It is also known to be produced by strains of C. albicans and its toxicity has been established (Kosalec et al, 2008(Kosalec et al, , 2011. This study confirms that C. albicans produces TOL, as 10 out of the 17 isolates produced this compound (Table 1).…”

Section: Metabolite Afc2supporting

confidence: 77%

Examination of Candida albicans strains from South Africa for the production of gliotoxin and other cytotoxic secondary metabolites

Nhlanhla¹,

Patel²,

Francis³

2016

J. Yeast Fungal Res.

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Candida species cause superficial mycosis and more serious systemic infections. The virulence factors of Candida are their adherence and hyphae formation ability and the production of hydrolytic enzymes. In addition, they produce secondary metabolites which are also implicated in the pathogenesis. Literature on the production of gliotoxin, one of the metabolites by Candida spp. is controversial. The aim of this study was to examine production of gliotoxin and related secondary metabolites by C. albicans strains isolated from the oral cavities of patients with oral infections. Seventeen strains of Candida albicans were obtained and were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% glucose and 5% foetal bovine serum for 10 and 30 days. Extraction of culture fluids and biomass was done using dichloromethane and examined using a two dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with time of flight mass spectrometry (MS). Fifteen strains of C. albicans (88%) produced secondary metabolites with a molecular weight of 452 which was nearest to that of gliotoxin standard with a molecular weight of 326. Three major metabolites were isolated and identified. They were eburicol produced by 10 strains, Tryptophol produced by 10 strains and dehydro eburical produced by 12 strains of C. albicans. In conclusion, the strains of C. albicans isolated from the patients with oral infections did not produce gliotoxin. However, they produced tryptophol which is known to be produced by C. albicans, and they also produced eburicol and dehydro eburical which are intermediate compounds in the metabolic pathways to ergosterol. Further research is required to establish their role in the pathogenesis of this organism.

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“…Finally, although being non-cytotoxic in our experimental approach, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr) was found to be the most frequently detected compound in our survey program with 87.6% positive samples. Only a few publications described its antibacterial activity against two gram-negative bacteria, as well as its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in lymphocytes and various cell lines to date [67,68,69]. However, due to its high occurrence, along with its high concentration, further studies are needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro

Novak¹,

Rainer²,

Sulyok

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which at significant concentrations. In our study, 1141 pig feed samples were analyzed for more than 800 secondary fungal metabolites using the same LC-MS/MS method and ranked according to their prevalence. Effects on the viability of the 28 most relevant were tested on an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The most frequently occurring compounds were determined as being cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), moniliformin, and enniatin B, followed by enniatin B1, aurofusarin, culmorin, and enniatin A1. The main mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were found only at ranks 8 and 10. Regarding cytotoxicity, apicidin, gliotoxin, bikaverin, and beauvericin led to lower IC50 values, between 0.52 and 2.43 µM, compared to deoxynivalenol (IC50 = 2.55 µM). Significant cytotoxic effects were also seen for the group of enniatins, which occurred in up to 82.2% of the feed samples. Our study gives an overall insight into the amount of fungal secondary metabolites found in pig feed samples compared to their cytotoxic effects in vitro.

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Assessment of Tryptophol Genotoxicity in Four Cell Lines In Vitro: A Pilot Study with Alkaline Comet Assay

Cited by 13 publications

References 47 publications

Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells

Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells

Examination of Candida albicans strains from South Africa for the production of gliotoxin and other cytotoxic secondary metabolites

Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro

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